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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Paper. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us The Chinese were the inventors of paper. And this is no coincidence. First, China was already famous in ancient times for its book wisdom and a complex system of bureaucratic management, which required constant accountability from officials. Therefore, there has always been a need for inexpensive and compact writing material.
Before the invention of paper in China, people wrote either on bamboo boards or on silk. But silk was always very expensive, and bamboo was very bulky and heavy. (An average of 30 hieroglyphs was placed on one board. It is easy to imagine how much space such a bamboo “book” should have taken up. It is no coincidence that they write that a whole cart was required to transport some compositions.) Secondly, only the Chinese knew the secret of silk production for a long time, and paper business developed from one technical operation of processing silk cocoons. This operation was as follows. Women engaged in sericulture boiled silkworm cocoons, then, spreading them on a mat, lowered them into water and ground them until a homogeneous mass was formed. When the mass was taken out and the water was strained, silk wool was obtained. However, after such mechanical and heat treatment, a thin fibrous layer remained on the mats, which, after drying, turned into a sheet of very thin paper suitable for writing. Later, women workers began to use defective silkworm cocoons for purposeful papermaking. At the same time, they repeated the process already familiar to them: they boiled the cocoons, washed and crushed them to obtain paper pulp, and finally dried the resulting sheets. Such paper was called "cotton" and was quite expensive, since the raw material itself was expensive. Naturally, in the end, the question arose: is it possible to make paper only from silk, or can any fibrous raw material, including vegetable origin, be suitable for the preparation of paper pulp? In 105, a certain Cai Lun, an important official at the court of the Han emperor, prepared a new grade of paper from old fishing nets. It was not inferior in quality to silk, but was much cheaper. This important discovery had enormous consequences not only for China, but for the whole world - for the first time in history, people received first-class and affordable writing material, for which there is no equivalent replacement to this day. The name of Cai Lun is therefore rightfully included among the names of the greatest inventors in the history of mankind.
In the following centuries, several important improvements were made to the paper-making process, which allowed it to develop rapidly. In the XNUMXth century, paper completely replaced bamboo planks from use. New experiments have shown that paper can be made from cheap vegetable raw materials of tree bark, reed and bamboo. The latter was especially important, since bamboo grows in China in large quantities. Bamboo was split into thin slivers, soaked with lime, and the resulting mass was then boiled for several days. The filtered thick was kept in special pits, carefully ground with special beaters and diluted with water until a sticky, mushy mass was formed. This mass was scooped up using a special form of a bamboo sieve, mounted on a stretcher. A thin layer of the mass along with the form was placed under the press. Then the form was pulled out and only a paper sheet remained under the press. The pressed sheets were removed from the sieve, folded into a pile, dried, smoothed and cut to size. Over time, the Chinese have achieved the highest art in paper making. For several centuries, they, as usual, carefully kept the secrets of paper production. But in 751, during a clash with the Arabs in the foothills of the Tien Shan, several Chinese masters were captured. From them, the Arabs learned to make paper themselves and for five centuries sold it very profitably to Europe. The Europeans were the last of the civilized nations to learn how to make paper themselves. The Spaniards were the first to adopt this art from the Arabs. In 1154, paper production was established in Italy, in 1228 - in Germany, in 1309 - in England. In subsequent centuries, paper has received the widest distribution throughout the world, gradually conquering more and more new areas of application.
Its significance in our life is so great that, according to the well-known French bibliographer A. Sim, our era can rightly be called the "paper era." Author: Ryzhov K.V.
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Comments on the article: Victor Information hunger is stronger than worldly hunger - everyday because it determines our status in the society in which we live and the more information we have that is necessary for communication and decision-making, the closer we are to victory in solving problems.
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