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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Motorbike. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Motorcycle - a two-wheeled (or three-wheeled) vehicle with a mechanical engine (internal combustion engine, electric, pneumatic), the main distinguishing features of which are: a vertical landing of the driver (motorcyclist), the presence of side foot stops (platforms, footrests), direct (gearless) control of the front swivel wheel. Classic Motorcycles include two-wheelers, two-wheelers with a sidecar, three-wheelers (trike) and four-wheelers (ATV), snowmobiles (caterpillar driven). In addition to the number of wheels, motorcycles also differ in their design and size: mopeds, mokiks (have a small engine size, usually up to 50 cc), scooters or scooters (a closed engine located under the driver's seat and footwells), and actually the motorcycles themselves are of various types: classic, cruisers, tourers, sports, road, cross, enduro, choppers. The first self-propelled two-wheeled carriages were created almost simultaneously by the Frenchman Louis-Guillaume Perrault and the American Sylvester Roper in 1869. These were wooden bicycles with a light steam engine. There were enough people who wanted to equip the "bicycle" with a steam engine. For example, according to the drawings of L. Copeland, the Northorp company in the 1880s manufactured about 200 two- and three-wheeled steam bicycles. In 1885, German engineer Gottlieb Daimler designed a compact internal combustion engine and mounted it on a wooden bicycle to demonstrate it in action. Small-scale production of similar self-propelled guns in Germany was mastered by the brothers Heinrich and Wilhelm Hildebrand together with Alois Wolfmüller. They first used pneumatic tires and a two-cylinder engine on a two-wheeled carriage, calling the novelty a motorcycle (from the Latin "motor" - "setting in motion" and the Greek "cyclos" - "wheel"), that is, a motorized bicycle.
Worldwide recognition for motorcycles came in 1895, when French inventors Albert de Dion and Georges Bouton created a very light single-cylinder four-stroke internal combustion engine mounted on a specially designed three-wheeled structure. The result was a tricycle "De Dion-Bouton". Under the license of this company and often with its engines, tricycles were built in many countries. In Russia at the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth century, they were produced for ten years. In 1897, Russian journalists Evgeny and Mikhail Werner mastered the manufacture of bicycles in France with a light motor mounted above the front wheel, driven to it through a belt drive. In 1898, on the motorcycles of the Czech company Laurin-Klement, an internal combustion engine was installed, as on a Daimler self-propelled gun. This was adopted by other designers when creating new models. Among the pioneers of the motorcycle industry were Norton (England), Peugeot (France), NSU (Germany), Leitner (Russia), Harley-Davidson (USA), Yamaha (Japan). By 1925, more than a hundred factories in the world were producing motorcycles. Their designs were so different that a classification was needed. It was based on the working volume of the engine. So three classes of motors were identified: light - up to 300 cubic centimeters, medium - from 350 to 650 and heavy - more than 750. Today, a different classification has been adopted. It takes into account two most important criteria: the purpose of the machine and its layout. Guided by them, for example, the magazine "World of Motorcycles" identified the following main classes: motorbikes, minibikes, mopeds, scooters, scooters, standard or "classic" motorcycles, choppers, sportbikes, touring motorcycles, dual-purpose motorcycles, special-purpose motorcycles, sports motorcycles, motorcycles with sidecars, all-terrain vehicles. Motorbikes are the simplest representatives of the world of motorcycles, they differ from ordinary bicycles in the presence of an "outboard motor", which is increasingly being used not as a traditional thermal, but as an electric motor.
A minibike is a small motorcycle on miniature, usually no more than 13-inch wheels. Minibikes are characterized by a very dense, even by motorcycle standards, layout. Most often, a spinal frame is used with an engine suspended from below. The term "moped" is derived from the words "motor" and "pedal". It is a motorized vehicle with an auxiliary pedal drive. True, recently many companies have abandoned the pedal drive, instead of it, the motors received kick or electric starters. At the same time, the cars themselves safely retained all the other signs of a "moped": a spinal frame, curved so that an impressive opening is formed, and an engine suspended from below.
Scooterettes can be translated from English as "step through". In technical terms, the scooter is a transitional machine from a moped to a scooter. It is characterized by developed facings, but the engine with a single horizontal cylinder is located between the driver's legs. You have to "walk" through it, getting into the car. Motor scooters are also called scooters. Their engine is shifted back, under the saddle, due to which there is a place for the driver's legs in front. The second feature is the presence of a body consisting of completely cowling engine linings and a flooring that protects the driver's legs, turning into a front shield.
Motorcycles that retain the classic simplicity of style are standard classic motorcycles. The range of options for a standard motorcycle is extremely wide: from a simple small displacement machine, which is only an everyday vehicle and deserves the name "workhorse", to a powerful large two-wheeled carriage, made at the highest level of modern technology. A specific group is neoclassics, that is, motorcycles deliberately stylized in the spirit of bygone times. A group of motorcycles made in the "American" style are called choppers, as well as cruisers. Such motorcycles are defined by the most comfortable fit: straight, with forward footpegs. To ensure such a landing, the handlebars are raised high, and the saddle is two-level. The reach of the front fork is increased, and the rear wheel is wide, but of small diameter. Other styling cues include a drop-shaped gas tank and plenty of chrome surfaces.
Dual purpose motorcycles are designed for both on-road and off-road use. They are distinguished by a high silhouette due to high ground clearance and long-travel suspension, a narrow and rigid frame and tires with a more or less off-road tread pattern. The name "special purpose motorcycles" suggests that the motorcycle is designed for specific purposes. In the past, this category was much more extensive, today there are two groups of motorcycles in it: army and police. The former are usually dual-purpose motorcycles, while the latter are standard or touring motorcycles with special equipment installed. Sports motorcycles are intended exclusively for participation in sports competitions. Naturally, their classification is made in accordance with the disciplines of motorsport, namely: racing (for road racing, sometimes they are also called "road racing"); cross; enduro, or "multi-day motorcycles"; trial; motorcycles for rally-raids and others.
You can attach a sidecar to any motorcycle. Today, for this purpose, it is customary to choose motorcycles that have at least a small margin of power. More exotic designs, originally designed as a single unit with a side trailer, dressed in a single body. An ATV is usually a vehicle with four wheels. It is classified as a motorcycle because of the driver's landing and characteristic controls. There are also three-wheelers, but their market share is small. The all-terrain qualities of the machines are provided by wide-profile low-pressure tires, high-torque engines, large transmission ratios, and sometimes all-wheel drive.
Touring motorcycles have characteristic features - a straight, almost like a chopper, landing, a huge fairing that completely protects the driver from the flow of incoming air, and voluminous luggage cases. This is the most comfortable category of motorcycles, designed for long trips on high quality roads. Touring motorcycles are closely adjacent to sports and tourist motorcycles, as well as variants of standard motorcycles with more developed fairings and trunks. A prime example of the Ducati-ST2 is a robust, versatile machine that takes into account the specific needs of the touring market. The curved windshield provides superior wind protection at high speeds. At the same time, it does not create excessive noise, and there is no need for special adjustment for tall drivers. The saddle is very comfortable, and the mirrors are beautiful, streamlined and functional. The V-shaped motor-two transmits a characteristic vibration to the footpegs, but this does not bother the rider too much - the steering wheel does not shake at all, thanks to special weights at the ends of the handles. The "ST2" engine runs smoothly and quietly, meeting the requirements of European standards. This is facilitated by the "courteous manners" of the desmodromic (forced-closing valves) engine with two-valve cylinder heads, which received liquid cooling, and the latest version of the Weber-Marelli fuel injection system. It also has larger diameter cylinders, so that the displacement has grown to 944 cubic centimeters. The Ducati ST2 engine uses short inlet pipes with one nozzle per cylinder. Combined with the retuning of the processor and modified valve timing, these changes allowed the engine to feel confident in the high-speed zone. The "ST2" engine picks up excellently 9000 rpm and goes to 9800 rpm, and then the limiter is activated. “Thanks to the good behavior of the engine at high speeds,” writes Englishman Alan Atcart in Limousine magazine, “it does not need two overdrive gears of a six-speed gearbox. The top speed announced by the company of 225 kilometers per hour looks quite realistic, in contrast to the speedometer readings I have to admit - I don't like faceless LCDs at all - no, Ducatis should have white dials! Leave those electronic things to the Japanese. The all-new "ST2" tubular space frame was originally designed for a larger and more powerful four-valve engine, so it has a huge margin of safety in the current version. Both suspensions are fully adjustable for compression, rebound and spring preload. This is vital for any touring bike - especially when adjustments are as easy as on the Ducati. The brakes made the greatest impression on me - two Brembo discs with a diameter of 320 millimeters made of stainless steel. Until now, I have not seen steel wheels that can compare with the old cast iron ones (the production of the latter was stopped for purely aesthetic reasons - they rusted after the rain). But these brakes stop the car excellently in all conditions and are quite sensitive when the lever is pressed lightly - which has so far been the weak point of steel rims. The rear 245mm Brembo dial is just as responsive and reasonably efficient. Just don't brake hard and release the gas - the rear wheel will be in the air!" The most powerful and dynamic representatives of the two-wheeled tribe are sportbikes. Perhaps their main difference is landing. But, in contrast to the chopper, it is very tense, high-speed: the rider's body is strongly inclined forward, and the footpegs are moved back, so that when driving slowly, a considerable part of the weight falls on the hands. A secondary sign is a large Grand Prix-style fairing, and its absence indicates that the sportbike is made in the style of "naked power".
The heart of any sportbike is the motor. As a rule, an in-line four-cylinder four-stroke unit - for reasons of layout and weight distribution, because you need to load the front wheel - is tilted forward. There are two overhead camshafts, four-valve cylinder heads, liquid cooling. The in-line "four" is the best compromise: after all, the smaller the working volume of each cylinder, the better it is possible to organize the combustion process. In addition, such a scheme is well balanced and vibrations are minimal. If you increase the number of cylinders to six or eight, then, in addition to the excessive complexity of the motor, there will be problems with its layout. Yes, and traction capabilities in multi-cylinder engines are worse. For modern sportbike engines, 13000 rpm is not the limit. Consequently, internal friction in the engine becomes its main enemy. Deal with it in several ways. First, increase the ratio of cylinder diameter to piston stroke. After all, the smaller the distance the piston travels for each stroke, the lower its speed. Secondly, they make engine liners from cermet or even replace them with nickel-silicon sputtering on the cylinder walls. They even go to reduce the working surface of the main bearings. The ignition is controlled by an on-board processor that takes into account not only the engine speed, but also the desires of the driver - for this, special sensors monitor the position of the throttle. Moreover, for the extreme cylinders, the nature of the change in the ignition timing is different than for the middle ones - due to the difference in the thermal regime. Ignition coils are increasingly built into spark plug caps. An indispensable accessory of a modern sportbike is the "direct intake" system, which, in essence, is an inertial boost. The air intakes of the power system are displayed in the frontal part of the fairing - where the pressure of the incoming air is maximum. So a fresh charge of oxygen is pushed into the motor with force. Of course, this effect manifests itself only at speeds above 80 kilometers per hour, but sportbikes cannot live slower. The increase is very significant. For example, the Yamaha V2P-P6 engine produces only 100 horsepower on the stand, but 120 on the road! One hundred and twenty horsepower with six hundred "cubes" is 200 horsepower per "liter". Almost like a Formula 1 engine! More recently, most bikes were ridden with steel frames. Today, aluminum alloys are most often used - both for the frame and for the rear suspension swingarm. Weight for a sportbike is everything! The lighter the motorcycle, the faster it accelerates, the more willing it is to go into a turn. The main mass is pulled to the center of gravity of the machine. The smaller the polar moment of inertia, the more nimble the motorcycle becomes. Rigidity is the second most important key requirement for undercarriage design. The frame is a straight diagonal from the steering column to the rear suspension mount. The pendulum itself acts as a continuation of the frame (and weighs, by the way, almost as much as it does). The engine itself is included in the power structure of the chassis. The suspension travel is quite modest - about 120 millimeters. Comfort is sacrificed for control. What is required from suspensions with such a rigid approach? When moving the wheel to a position close to neutral, apply minimal resistance so that the motorcycle does not lose contact with the road for a second. And fill with strength at big moves. Hence the progressive characteristic of the rear suspension - a special linkage mechanism provides a variable gear ratio in the "wheel - shock absorber" system. Both suspensions have a full range of adjustments - you can adjust for road conditions and rider weight, and spring preload, and hydraulic compression and rebound force. And, of course, the most powerful disc brakes - two discs of 300 millimeters in diameter in front, one in the back, the drive is hydraulic. To slow down better, the front brake calipers are made with four or even six-piston. Author: Musskiy S.A.
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