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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Typewriter. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us A typewriter (typewriter) is a mechanical, electromechanical or electromechanical device equipped with a set of keys, pressing which leads to the printing of the corresponding characters on the medium (in most cases it is paper). Widely used in the XIX-XX centuries. At present, typewriters have mostly fallen into disuse, their function has been taken over by personal computers equipped with printers.
The machine revolution in the 70s of the XNUMXth century affected even such a seemingly far from technology area as writing. From time immemorial, people have used only their own hand to draw written characters. With the invention of the typewriter, he could entrust this operation to a mechanism. Instead of writing out letters, now it was enough to hit the right key. The appearance of the typewriter has led to significant shifts in many areas of human activity and has raised the culture of office work to a higher level. The speed and quality of clerical work has increased several times. Indeed, everyone can learn to write, but not everyone can write quickly and at the same time clearly, legibly and beautifully. Meanwhile, the spread of written communications between people, the increase in the number of business papers and commercial correspondence that require special legibility of the manuscript, as well as many other reasons (for example, the desire to speed up the work of typesetters, who, typing text from a blind manuscript, often worked slowly and made mistakes) caused the desire to invent a type-printing machine that would be accessible to everyone and would allow one or more copies of a neat and quickly read manuscript to be obtained immediately and quickly. Several types of typewriters appeared as early as the XNUMXth century, but they were so slow that they could not be of practical value.
One of the first known typewriters was assembled in 1833 by the Frenchman Progrin. His typograph consisted of 88 levers connected to letter and number stamps. The levers were arranged in a circle and moved along and across the sheet of paper on a special sled. It is clear that working on such a machine was difficult and inconvenient. In 1843, Charles Thurbert took out a patent for a typewriter he invented for the blind. It was to him that the very fruitful idea of the lever transmission of the movement of letters belonged, which was later applied to all typewriters. There were other designs of printing devices. However, the typewriter in the modern sense of the word appeared only thirty years later, and not in Europe, but in America. In 1867, two American printers, Lettam Scholes and Samuel Sullet, invented a number printing machine that could be used for page numbering, as well as for printing numbers and series of bank notes. One of Scholes' acquaintances, interested in the new device, suggested that, using the principle of this simple typewriter, they create a typewriter that could print letters and words instead of characters and numbers. This thought captivated Scholes. At first, he continued to work with Sulle.
In the summer, the first single-letter typewriter was ready. It consisted of an old key-shaped telegraph key, a glass plate and some other parts. Scholes placed charcoal tape and a thin sheet of white paper on a glass plate, then, moving the paper with one hand, he pressed the telegraph key with the other, on which was the letter "B" carved from brass. As a result, a print was obtained on paper. In the autumn of the same year, the first sample of a multi-letter typewriter was created. She worked so well that she wrote quickly and clearly, but was still very inconvenient for practical use, since she had a flat keyboard (like a piano) and typed only in large letters. In 1868, a patent was obtained for this typewriter, after which Sulle lost interest in it. But Sholes decided at all costs to create such a model of the machine that could be put into production. One of his acquaintances, Deximore, gave him financial support. Scholes threw himself into his work. In the next five years, he made about 30 models of cars, each one better than the last, but still far from perfect. Only in 1873 was a sufficiently reliable and convenient model of a typewriter created, which Scholes offered to the famous Remington factory, which produced weapons, sewing and agricultural machines. In 1874, the first hundred machines were already put on the market. The famous American writer Mark Twain was one of its first customers. It was on it that he printed his "Tom Sawyer". It may have been the first classical composition written on a typewriter. On the whole, however, the situation remained unsatisfactory. Another eight years had to accustom the public to this amazing technical innovation. Many cars from the first series were returned to stores, some with damaged parts.
For a long time, typewriters were viewed as a luxury item. But gradually the situation changed. Business offices, firms and banks were the first to appreciate the new invention. Already in 1876, mass production of cars was launched. The first "Remingtons", although they had the same principle of operation as modern typewriters, still differed in some specific features. For example, the text in them was printed under the roller and was not visible. To look at the work, it was necessary to raise the trolley, for this purpose located on hinges. It is clear that this was not very convenient. Meanwhile, Sholes' example inspired other inventors. In 1890, Franz Wagner received a patent for a typewriter with horizontally lying letter levers and with a font visible when printed. He sold the rights to its production to the manufacturer John Underwood. This machine proved to be so convenient that it soon became popular and Underwood made a huge fortune on it. The inventor himself was not, however, so lucky and died in poverty. Since 1908, Remington also began to produce typewriters with visible type. After "Underwood" typewriters of other firms appeared, including several European designs. But in the first decades of its existence, this invention was more in line with the American way of life. At least until the beginning of the XNUMXth century, the lion's share of all manufactured and purchased cars fell on the United States. The principle of operation for all these machines in general terms was the same. There is probably no person who has not seen the work of a typewriter. Therefore, there is no need to describe in detail its operation and device. The main parts of the typewriter were: a keyboard with a lever system, a carriage with paper rollers and a cast-iron frame of the mechanism mounted on a wooden board. The carriage (a movable cart carrying paper) carried a solid rubber cylinder and a wooden roller parallel to it, between which the paper passed. During the operation of the machine, the carriage automatically moved from right to left after each letter was printed. When a certain key was pressed, the lever associated with it rose, which had a carved steel letter on it. This letter struck a rubber roller along which the paper moved. All letters hit at one point, as they were located along the generatrix of the cylinder. A special tape impregnated with black or colored paint automatically passed between the paper and the letter. The steel letter, striking the tape, imprinted its imprint on the paper. Two letters were placed on each lever. In order to print the second one, it was necessary to move the rubber cylinder by pressing a special key (move it to uppercase).
When a key was struck, not only did the lever connected to it set in motion, but by means of a gear-conical gearing, a coil with a tape turned through a certain angle, which was wound from one of them and wound onto another, so that the next letter hit another place on the tape. When the entire tape passed under the font, the direction of its movement was changed by a special lever, and the coils began to rotate in the opposite direction. Simultaneously with the movement of the tape towards it, under the action of a spring, an elastic rubber roller moved, carried by the carriage and supporting the paper. The reverse movement of the carriage was made by hand.
Thus, each keystroke caused three actions of the typewriter at once: 1) the letter left an imprint on paper; 2) the carriage moved one step to the left; 3) the tape moved. All this was achieved through the interaction of various parts of the typewriter, the main of which were the printing mechanism, the stepping mechanism and the tape mechanism. Let's briefly consider how each of them worked. The movement of the carriage was carried out by means of a spring, a stepping wheel (21) and two pawls. After the key was pressed, at the moment the letter lever hit the shaft, the delay pawl (20) jumped off the tooth of the stepping wheel. At the same time, the tooth of the stepping wheel entered the tooth of the pawl, which stopped the carriage to print the letter. Following the impact (printing) and the rebound of the letter lever from the shaft, the carriage moved to the left by one tooth of the stepping wheel, which, together with the carriage, was again delayed by the pawl (20) until the next impact.
At the same time, when the key (1) was hit, the key lever (3) went down and through the nipple (26) transmitted the movement to the intermediate lever (5) in the direction indicated by the arrow. The nipple of the intermediate lever (6), in turn, gave an impetus to the letter lever (9), which, with the shoulder of the lever (16), moved the arc of the segment (17) and actuated the stepping mechanism with the throughput and delayed pawls. At the next stroke on the key, the same operation of the printing device was repeated. After the key was released, the spring (22) set the key lever to its original position, thus returning the entire lever system to its original position. By the same keystroke, as already mentioned, the tape mechanism was activated, the purpose of which was to continuously transfer the tape from one reel to another, substituting a fresh ink place for a new hit of the letter lever on the paper. With each stroke on the key lever, the central rod (2) turned, communicating its movement through the gears (5 and 30) to the side rod (29), on which the tape spool (24) was mounted. Author: Ryzhov K.V.
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