|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Bike. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us A bicycle (old French velocipede, from Latin velox "fast" and pes "leg") is a wheeled vehicle driven by human muscle power through foot pedals or (very rarely) through hand levers. Bicycles with two wheels are the most common, but there are also tricycles. Compared to other modes of transport, a bicycle has undeniable advantages. It is cheap, does not need fuel, and does not pollute the atmosphere. It is also very maneuverable and mobile, which is especially important for large cities where there are frequent traffic jams. And one more indisputable plus: cycling is a good physical activity, an effective means of combating physical inactivity - a sedentary lifestyle. All this contributes to the steady growth in the popularity of the bicycle in various countries. In Holland, for example, there are about 14 million bicycles for 10 million inhabitants. The prototype of the modern bicycle - the celerifer (literally "speed maker") first appeared in France in 1791. This invention of Count Mede de Sivrak bore little resemblance to today's model: a two-wheeled scooter with a wooden frame without pedals or a steering wheel. The front wheel did not turn, and therefore they rode it only in a straight line, pushing off the ground with their feet.
In 1792, the German officer, chamberlain and forester of the Prince of Baden Karl Friedrich Dresz equipped the celerifer with a steerable front wheel. The first bicycle with pedals and a steering wheel was built in Russia by a serf blacksmith Artamonov. It was on it that the first cyclist rolled from Verkhoturye in the Urals to Moscow. A crowd of people gathered on the Khodynka field watched with amazement Artamonov's amazing two-wheeled cart. The fate of Artamonov's cart turned out to be sad: it was added to the royal collection of rarities and was soon forgotten. In 1818, the Frenchman Diener took out a patent for a "railcar" in his country, for the first time calling it a "bicycle", that is, "fast-footed" (from the Latin words "velox" - fast and "pedis" - foot). In 1830, the German Philipp Fischer built a carriage with a two-meter front wheel equipped with pedals and a small rear one. He connected the forks of the wheels with a bar and placed a saddle on it. In the same year, the Englishman Kirkpatrick Macmillan improved the novelty: he connected the swinging pedals with a lever mechanism to the rear wheel, which he made larger than the front one, put iron hoops on both wheels. In 1853, the German Moritz Fischer built a carriage with pedals on the front wheel and a brake on the rear. For a long time, bicycles were made of wood. In 1867, Cowper invented very light wheels with a hub hanging on wire spokes. In 1869, bicycles with a metal frame appeared. At the same time, the Frenchman Michaud first organized the factory production of bicycles. Compatriot Michaud Thevenon invented rubber bicycle tires, and the French manufacturer Surirei was the first to use ball bearings in bicycles. This was a very important improvement, a year later, in 1870, the English inventor Lawson introduced a chain drive from the pedals to the rear wheel. The speed of the cyclist then increased so much that he could compete with a riding horse.
The bicycle acquired its modern look in the 80-90s of the XIX century. In 1885, the Dublin veterinarian Dunlop fitted the wheels of his twelve-year-old son's bicycle with pneumatic tires made from gutta-percha hose, fastened to the rim with a linen band. He also came up with a valve that made it possible to easily and quickly pump up the wheel, but did not let the air out. The boy rode this bicycle for quite a long time without attracting anyone's attention, until one visiting salesman, amazed at the ease of movement of the bicycle, appreciated it and pointed out to the inventor the value of his find. Only then, in 1888, Dunlop took out a patent and soon began commercial production of pneumatic tires. They quickly spread throughout the world. Our compatriot G. Ivanov improved them by offering a separately manufactured chamber and tire. In the 1880s, humanity experienced a new "bicycle boom". Since 1890, the rapid development of the bicycle industry began. Today, bicycles are divided according to various criteria. By age of consumers - for children, adolescents and adults; by the number of wheels - for one-, two-, three- and four-wheeled; by the number of riders - for singles, tandems, thrillers and with a large number of seats; by destination - for men's and women's, travel, folding, tourist, sports and special. In addition, each of these groups has its own classification. So, sports bikes are divided into road, track, mountain, for the race for the leader, record-racing, etc. It is in sports bikes that the greatest improvements are being made. Their designers are under constant pressure from the athletes: give a car that will allow you to get ahead of your rivals for at least a few seconds.
In 1989, the American Greg Lemond became the winner of the famous Tour de France race, beating the silver medalist L. Fignon by only eight seconds. For the first time in 77 such races, arranged over 85 years, the victory was so unconvincing. Lemond's success was explained by the fact that he used a brace attachment to the steering wheel. It's just an intricately shaped padded tube designed to support the rider's elbows. Leaning forward and leaning on it, the rider, without reducing the power of movement, improves his streamlining. For the first time, such a prefix was manufactured by the American company Profile in the mid-1980s. Wind tunnel testing has shown that this brace gives the rider a gain of 90 seconds for every 40 kilometers. At the start of the last stage of the Tour de France (27 kilometers) in 1989, Lemond came out, losing 50 seconds to Fignon. However, the brace helped the American pass the stage 58 seconds faster than the Frenchman. And Fignon understood this. Already in the next competition in Southern France, he used such a brace - and won. There are dramatic changes in the design and technology of bicycle production. Since the end of the 1930th century, frames have been made from steel pipes. In the XNUMXs, alloy steel pipes began to be used. The pipes of the British company "Reynolds" made of steel with molybdenum and manganese turned out to be the most popular. Pipe joints were usually connected with couplings and welded. Manufacturers have begun to use aluminum-based alloys, which are lighter but have two significant drawbacks. Aluminum loses its strength due to heat during welding. Therefore, instead of welding, gluing, borrowed from the aerospace industry, began to be used. In addition, aluminum is weaker than steel in terms of resisting repetitive loads that cause cracks and breaks over time. As a result of such fatigue phenomena, the aluminum frame breaks before the steel frame, even if they were equal in terms of strength. The Dutch team, led by Australian rider F. Anderson, used solid (not hollow) frames in the 1990 Tour de France, die-cast from a 91 percent magnesium alloy. The inventor of these frames, Frank Kirk, said that they are not inferior to conventional frames in terms of rigidity and lightness, but are much cheaper to manufacture. Some firms have chosen to produce resin-impregnated carbon fiber pipes. Firm "Luk" (France) also began to use ceramic fibers mixed with a grid of carbon fibers. Bicycle frames today are usually made from carbon fiber. Among other components, the creators of bicycles paid special attention to the gear train and pedals. The chain drive was greatly improved in the 1980s, when mountain bikes and all-terrain bikes became fashionable: squat, durable, heavy-framed and wide studded tires. Of course, driving through swamps or slopes makes completely different demands on gear mechanisms. The Japanese company Shimano has achieved ultra-high precision in the manufacture of drive parts and increased the number of gears to 16. It's just impossible to cope with such a drive. Therefore, the company introduced another novelty: the speed shift levers moved from the frame to the steering wheel and combined them with the brake levers. Thus, the rider does not need to change his position in any way to change the speed to the detriment of the requirements of streamlining. The system was first created for mountain bikes, now it is being put on racing bikes. A modern German Porsche bicycle has, for example, 27 gears. In addition, the special design of the brakes of the same company made it possible to reduce the length of the stroke of the brake cable, which is equivalent to a thirty percent increase in the force applied to the brake. This means that dashing riders can even afford to play with the brakes as they race down the Alpine pass at over a hundred kilometers an hour. The pedals have also been radically improved. As early as the beginning of the XNUMXth century, cyclists were convinced that they could go faster if their legs were tied to the pedals with a braid. This led to the invention of clips (tuklips) and the use of straps to secure the foot in the pedal. This was also facilitated by hard shoes fitted to the pedal. But clamps have several disadvantages. For example, they can suddenly relax at the most inopportune moment. In addition, tight straps cause pain and interfere with blood circulation in the foot. Moreover, sometimes they can be a death trap, as in emergency situations they cannot be quickly unfastened. And only in 1985 a pedal appeared that overcame the shortcomings of previous models. A year earlier, Bernard Tapie, a French industrialist and cyclist, had bought Luk, a manufacturer of ski bindings. He pushed the engineers to take on the creation of a new type of pedal, like a ski binding. Indeed, a kind of clamp for the foot was developed: a slight jerk of the foot to the side - and it is released from the pedal. Such a movement is uncharacteristic for a cyclist, so it cannot happen by accident. Bernard Hinault, leader of the racing team, used Luk's first safety pedal in 1985 in Italy - and won. He even stated that it was this pedal that saved him when an accident happened to the group of riders in which he was walking. Sensing danger, he released the clasp and thus managed to keep his balance while the others fell.
In conclusion, for example, we give the characteristics of two bicycles of the late XX century. Spanish sports bike "Merida-matts" is used for the trial. Frame - aluminum. The front fork has shock absorbers. The axle of the rear wheel is rigidly attached to the frame. The bike has 24 gears. It is also equipped with a headlight and a generator. The frame of the Italian bicycle "Lamborghini" is made of carbon fiber. Wheels - with spokes. The bike has a disc brake on the rear wheel. It is equipped with an onboard computer. Each wheel has different suspensions, the front one is telescopic, the rear one is pendulum. Author: Musskiy S.A.
▪ Ball pen
Artificial leather for touch emulation
15.04.2024 Petgugu Global cat litter
15.04.2024 The attractiveness of caring men
14.04.2024
▪ Large scale gravitational accumulator built ▪ Three human brains tied into a net ▪ Memory formation mechanism installed ▪ Child mode for the speedy customization of an adult ▪ Managing a humanoid robot via a 5G network
▪ site section Electric motors. Article selection ▪ article There are no others, and those are far away. Popular expression ▪ How was the medieval Frankish state formed? Detailed answer ▪ Article Office Manager. Job description ▪ article Rubber-like mass for toys. Simple recipes and tips ▪ article Where did the coin come from? Focus Secret
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page