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How was the medieval Frankish state formed? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How was the medieval Frankish state formed? The Frankish tribal union formed in the XNUMXrd century. in the lower reaches of the Rhine. The third representative of the Merovingian dynasty, Clovis extended his power to all Franks. He captured Soissons and all of Northern Gaul up to the Loire River. In 496, Clovis and his retinue converted to Christianity, establishing friendly relations with the Pope. The state structure under the Merovingians was comparatively primitive. The court remained popular, the army consisted of a militia of all free Franks and the royal squad. The position of the king was strong, the throne was inherited. The affairs of the administration were in charge of the royal court. In spring and autumn, meetings of the nobility were held, at which the issued legislative acts and new laws were announced. The barbarian truths, written down at different times at the behest of the kings, served as the basic laws and lawsuits. The administration of regions and districts was carried out with the help of counts and centurions, whose main duty was to collect taxes, fines and duties for the royal treasury. In places of Frankish settlements, counties and hundreds were created on the basis of the German military and judicial organization, in Central and Southern Gaul - on the basis of the Roman provincial structure. In the social system of the Franks, tribal ties also played an important role. The free franc was the canoe of the clan, enjoyed its patronage and was responsible for the members of the clan. The accused was responsible for the crimes not before the state, but before the victim and his relatives. For the murder of a member of a foreign clan, all relatives of the killer up to the third generation of kinship on the paternal and maternal lines were financially responsible. On the other hand, a member of the clan had the right to receive a share of the vira for the murder of a relative and to participate in the inheritance of the property of deceased relatives. Movable property was inherited by men and women, land - only by men. The design of the allod - freely alienable land ownership - accelerated property inheritance among the free Franks and the formation of large land ownership. Free Frankish peasants went bankrupt, lost their landed property and, falling into dependence on the possessors, began to be subjected to feudal exploitation. Large landed property existed even before the conquest of Gaul. The king, having appropriated to himself the lands of the Roman fiscus and undivided communal possessions, distributed them as the property of his confidants and the church. But the growth of large landownership occurs mainly due to the appropriation of the lands of impoverished social activists. Large landowners had full power over their slaves and dependent community members. The magnates themselves created the judicial and administrative apparatus and started their own military squads. The nobility did not want to obey the king and share with him the rent collected from the population, often raised against the king of restoration. The royal power could not cope with the magnates and made concessions to them. The royal lands were distributed or plundered by the nobility, unrest did not stop in the state. The last kings of the Merovingian dynasty lost all real power, retaining only the title. They were disparagingly called lazy kings. In fact, power passed to the mayors, who were in charge of tax collection, royal property and commanded the army. Having real power, the mayordoms disposed of the royal throne, erected and deposed kings. Being large landowners, they relied on the local nobility. But in the state, fragmented into appanages, there was no single major house. Each of the three regions was ruled by its own mayor, who had hereditary power. In 687, the Austrian major Pitius Geristalsky defeated his rivals and began to rule the entire Frankish state. Pitius pursued an active policy of conquest and was able to suppress the resistance of the nobility. Later, the dynasty founded by him began to be called the Carolingians after Charlemagne, the most prominent Frankish king. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How much fluid does a person need? According to the most common view, a healthy, normal person weighing 70 kg needs 2-2,5 liters of fluid per day. About half of it comes from food, the other half from water and drinks.
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