|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Psychoanalysis of Jung. History and essence of scientific discovery
Directory / The most important scientific discoveries Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was born in Kesswil, a small Swiss village, the son of a reformist pastor. Until the age of nine, Jung was an only child, lonely and unsociable. Subsequently, as an adult, he attached great importance to the dreams and events of his childhood. From the age of six, his father began to teach him Latin, and by the time he entered the Basel Gymnasium, he was far ahead of his peers. In 1886, Karl entered the gymnasium, where he spent long hours in the library, immersed in old books. In 1895, Jung entered the University of Basel, although he was initially interested in anthropology and Egyptology, he chose to study the natural sciences, and then his eyes turned to medicine. He decided to specialize in psychiatry. In 1900, Jung began an internship with Bleuler at the Burgelzli, a university psychiatric hospital in Zurich. After three years of research, Jung published his findings in 1906 in The Psychology of Dementia Prax, which, in Jones's words, "revolutionized psychiatry." About this book another devotee Freud, A.A. Brill said that this book, together with Freud's research, "became the cornerstone of modern interpretive psychiatry." At the beginning of the book, Jung gave one of the best reviews of the theoretical literature of the day on dementia praecox. His own position was based on a synthesis of the ideas of many scientists, especially Krapelin, Janet and Bleuler, but he also stated that he owed a great deal to Freud's "original conceptions". But Jung not only integrated the theories that existed at that time, but also earned a reputation as the discoverer of an experimental psychosomatic model of dementia praecox, where the brain is presented as an object of emotional influences. Jung's concept can be represented as follows: as a result of affect, a toxin is produced that affects the brain, paralyzing mental functions in such a way that the complex is released from the subconscious and causes the characteristic symptoms of dementia praecox. In the same book on dementia praecox, Jung, by then a respectable Swiss psychiatrist, drew wide attention to Freud's theories and deplored the unfortunate fact that Freud was "almost an unrecognized researcher." Just before putting an end to his book, in April 1906, Jung began to correspond with Freud. At the end of February 1907, he went to Vienna specifically to meet with Freud. He found Freud "impressive and at the same time 'strange' for a man of his qualifications". At the first international congress on psychiatry and neurology in Amsterdam, Jung made a report "The Freudian theory of hysteria", which was intended to protect psychoanalysis, but in fact turned into an apology for Freud's ideas, in any case, such concepts as "infant sexuality" and "libido" . Over the next few years, Jung wrote a series of papers that fall exactly within the framework of classical Freudian analysis. There is no doubt that Jung made a significant contribution to the emerging psychoanalytic movement. A few months after his first visit to Freud, he founded the Freudian Society in Zurich. In 1908, Jung organized the first International Congress on Psychoanalysis in Salzburg, where the first publication devoted entirely to psychoanalytic questions was born, the Yearbook of Psychoanalytic and Pathopsychological Research. At the Nuremberg congress in 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded, and Jung was elected its president. Despite such a high position in the psychoanalytic movement, Jung felt a growing unease. The originality that marked his work disappears in the articles that were published in the years when the defense of Freud's theories became his main concern. In 1911, he attempted to extend the principles of psychoanalysis to those areas that had occupied him for many years, namely, to apply new approaches to the study of the content of myths, legends, fables, classical plots and poetic images. After a year of research, Jung published his conclusions under the title Metamorphoses and Symbols of the Libido, Part I. In Metamorphoses I, Jung refers to many sources in order to draw a parallel between the fantasies of the ancients, expressed in myths and legends, and the similar thinking of children. He also intended to demonstrate "the connection between the psychology of dreams and the psychology of myths." Jung came to the unexpected conclusion that thinking "has historical layers" containing an "archaic mental product" that is found in psychosis in cases of "strong" regression. He argued that if the symbols used for centuries are similar to each other, then they are "typical" and cannot belong to one individual. In this chain of conclusions lies the seed of Jung's central concept of the collective unconscious. In 1912 Metamorphoses II was published. Although for a number of years Jung supported Freud's views on sexuality, he never completely agreed with his sexual theories. Offering his own version, he interprets the libido not at all in the spirit of Freud. Jung in "Metamorphoses II" completely deprived him of the sexual background. The controversy over the libido had a major impact on the development of the theory of psychoanalysis. The relationship between Jung and Freud also changed. Their correspondence soon lost its personal character, becoming exclusively business. In September 1913, Jung and Freud met for the last time at an international congress in Munich, where Jung was re-elected president of the International Psychoanalytic Association. After 1913, his theoretical developments, which today define the Jungian school, bear no trace of Freud's influence. Jung's concept is that a symbol represents unconscious thoughts and feelings that can transform mental energy - libido - into positive, constructive values. Dreams, myths, religious beliefs are all means of coping with conflicts through the fulfillment of desires, as psychoanalysis reveals; moreover, they hint at a possible solution to the neurotic dilemma. Jung was not satisfied with the interpretation of dreams as various variations of the Oedipus complex - which, by the way, is by no means the only method of psychoanalysis - because such an interpretation did not recognize the creative perspective of the dream. Jung himself repeatedly changed the direction of his life under the influence of his dreams, as if they were prophetic omens. “Jung himself,” writes Gerhard Ver, a German researcher of his work, “considered his views as attempts and proposals for formulating a new natural-scientific psychology, which relies primarily on direct knowledge of a person. In addition, he constantly emphasized that his main activity consisted in collecting, describing and explaining factual material.I did not draw up either a system or a general theory, but only formulated auxiliary concepts that are a tool for me, as is customary in any natural science. As an empiricist, Jung wants to be a psychologist and psychiatrist, an explorer and healer of souls. What is the soul, considered in this perspective? In 1939, Jung called a collection of works by his students "The Reality of the Soul" and thus stated the main thesis that defines all his work: the soul is real. He points out that any experience is "mental". All sensory perceptions, the whole world, perceived with the help of the senses, are cognizable only through the reflection of the objects of this world. The psyche thereby becomes the embodiment of reality, especially since it is not limited only to the external world transmitted in mental images, but also embraces - and above all - a wide area of mental inner space. Jung writes: "The psyche is the most real entity, because it is the only thing that is given to us directly. To this reality, namely the reality of the mental, psychology can appeal." This psychic reality appears in extraordinary diversity. Diversity exists, if only because, according to Jung, all possible contents refer to the human psyche. This is where knowledge is limited. Such a limitation coincides with the boundaries of the psyche, from the impossibility of going beyond its limits. In the psyche, according to Jung, two areas are distinguished. First of all, the sphere designated as "consciousness", the sphere where a person has full "presence of spirit". However, in this area, the instability of consciousness is also possible. At the same time, there is also an area that is usually inaccessible to consciousness - the "unconscious". Jung explains: "The unconscious is not just the unknown, but rather, on the one hand, the unknown mental, that is, that which we assume that it, if it gained access to consciousness, would be in no way different from the known psychic contents. On the other hand, we must also include in it the psychoid system, the characteristics of which we can say nothing directly. " To this definition, Jung adds: "All that I know, but do not think about at the moment, all that I was once aware of, but have now forgotten, all that was perceived by my senses, but was not fixed in my consciousness Everything that I feel, think, remember, want and do unintentionally and inattentively, that is, unconsciously, everything that is forthcoming that is prepared in me and only later reaches consciousness - all this is the content of the unconscious. Perhaps Jung's decisive contribution to science, which has since been associated with his name, is the discovery of the collective unconscious. As the discoverer of the "collective unconscious" Jung was far ahead of Freud. "The relatively superficial layer of the subconscious is undoubtedly personal. We call it the personal unconscious. However, below it is a deeper layer, which is not based on personal experience, but is innate. This deeper layer is the so-called collective unconscious." “Jung,” notes Gerhard Ver, “chosen this expression to indicate the universal nature of this mental layer. We are dealing here with the unconscious connection of the psyche with a rich treasury of images and symbols through which the individual is connected to the universal. At the same time, speech is in no way not just hypotheses. As a medical practitioner, Jung noted the presence of primitive archaic symbols in the minds of his patients. He noticed, for example, that in dreams an archaic image of God appeared from time to time, which was completely different from the idea of God in the waking consciousness. the unconscious, which extends beyond the individual psyche, has been confirmed in various ways.Jung found in this respect a striking parallelism between the reports of healthy and sick people, on the one hand, and mythical or symbolic forms, on the other. In order to designate the collective unconscious that persists in the psyche in terms of its basic characteristic form, Jung chose the concept of "archetype". The scientist gives him the following definition: "The archetype is largely an unconscious content that changes through awareness and perception - and precisely in the spirit of the individual consciousness in which it manifests itself." Jung adds "archetypes" - "these are factors and motives that organize mental elements into certain images, and, moreover, in such a way that they can be recognized only by their effect. They exist before consciousness and form, apparently, the structural dominants of the psyche .. ." The archetype, unknowable in itself, is in the unconscious, but the archetypal image of a person is cognizable. Thus, from the stream of the individual and collective unconscious, the "Ego" emerges. It is the center of the field of consciousness, and most importantly - its subject. Jung, speaking of the "Ego complex", understands by this the complex of ideas associated with this center of consciousness. In one of his later works, Jung proposed a number of psychotherapeutic techniques that could be applied in clinical settings. In particular, his "active imagination" method is sometimes used by non-Jungian physicians. The patient is invited to draw or paint any images that spontaneously come to his mind. With development, with a change in the image, the drawings also change. The patient's desire to convey as accurately as possible the image that appears to him can help him manifest his preconscious and conscious ideas. Jung believed that this technique helps the patient not only in that it gives him the opportunity to express his fantasies, but also allows him to really somehow use them. In general, Jung's psychology found its followers more among philosophers, poets, religious figures than in the circles of medical psychiatrists. Jung's analytical psychology training centers, although the curriculum is as good as Freud's, also accepts non-medical students. Jung admitted that he "never systematized his research in psychology" because, in his opinion, the dogmatic system slipped too easily into a pompous and self-confident tone. Jung argued that the causal approach is finite and therefore fatalistic. His teleological approach expresses the hope that a person should not be absolutely slavishly enslaved by his own past. Author: Samin D.K.
▪ Cloning
Artificial leather for touch emulation
15.04.2024 Petgugu Global cat litter
15.04.2024 The attractiveness of caring men
14.04.2024
▪ Gardening is one of the best antidepressants ▪ Seat belt that unfastens in the water ▪ Butterfly saves not the pattern of eyes on the wings ▪ Chopsticks that enhance the salty taste ▪ Universal sensor unit for air taxi control
▪ section of the site Alternative energy sources. Article selection ▪ article Oar and boat. History of invention and production ▪ article Common raspberry. Legends, cultivation, methods of application ▪ article Ultrasonic fire alarm. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering ▪ article Match-Phoenix. Focus Secret
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page