|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Psychoanalysis of Freud. History and essence of scientific discovery
Directory / The most important scientific discoveries It is impossible to overestimate Freud's contribution to the science of human nature. He succeeded for the first time in explaining human behavior in psychological terms and categories and demonstrating that this behavior can be changed under certain circumstances. In practice, he brought together the concepts of treatment and research. His conclusions and principles gave birth to the first comprehensive theory of personality based on observation rather than speculation. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was born in Freiburg. When the boy was three years old, the family moved to Vienna. Having not deceived the hopes of his parents, Sigmund graduated from school with brilliance. After leaving school, Sigmund entered the University of Vienna. Freud believed that Ernst Brücke, one of the leading physiologists of the second half of the XNUMXth century, most influenced his intellectual development. He assumed that the principles of physics and chemistry were applicable to the study of living organisms, and denied the influence of other forces in biology, such as the mysterious living substance. Freud firmly adopted this strictly scientific approach and did not deviate from it until the end of his life. After working for some time as an assistant to Professor Hermann Notnagel, a well-known therapist, he was appointed to the same position at the Meinert Psychiatric Institute, where he gained his first experience in the field of clinical psychiatry. In 1885 he applied for the position of privatdozent in neuropathology and was given the position. From now on, the road to a successful medical career was open for him. While working at the Meinert Institute, Freud improved his skills in neuropathology. Freud's first publication on neuroanatomy dealt with the roots of the neuronal connections of the auditory nerve (1885). Then he published a research paper on the sensory nerves and the cerebellum (1886), followed by another article on the auditory nerve (1886). Of his works in clinical neurology, two were particularly significant. Thus, his book on cerebral palsy is still considered an important contribution to medical science today; and the other - on aphasia (1891) - is less known, but from the point of view of theory even more fundamental. Freud's work in the field of neurology ran parallel to his first experiences as a psychopathologist in the fields of hysteria and hypnotism. His interest in the psychological aspects of medicine manifested itself in 1886, when he received a scholarship that allowed him to go on an internship in Paris with Professor Charcot, who was then at the zenith of fame. By the time he returned to Vienna, Freud was already an ardent supporter of Charcot's views on hypnosis and hysteria. After a short period of unsuccessful experimentation with various techniques, in 1895 Freud discovered the method of free association. Freud's new technique was to have his patients put aside conscious control over their thoughts and say the first thing that came to mind. Free association, as Freud found out, after a sufficiently long time, led the patient to forgotten events, which he not only remembered, but also re-lived emotionally. The emotional response in free association is essentially the same as that which the patient experiences during hypnosis, but it is not so sudden and violently expressed, and since the reaction occurs in portions, with full consciousness, the conscious "I" is able to cope with emotions, gradually " cutting a path through subconscious conflicts. It is this process that Freud called "psychoanalysis", first using the term in 1896. Freud learned to read between the lines and gradually understood the meaning of the symbols with which the patients expressed the deeply hidden. He called the translation of this language of subconscious processes into the language of everyday life "the art of interpretation." However, all this was truly realized and understood only after Freud revealed the meaning of dreams. He became interested in dreams, noticing that many of his patients, through a process of free association, suddenly began to talk about their dreams. Then he began to ask questions about what thoughts came to them in connection with this or that element of the dream. And he noticed that often these associations revealed the secret meaning of the dream. Then he tried, using the external content of these associations, to reconstruct the secret meaning of the dream - its latent content - and in this way discovered a special language of subconscious mental processes. He published his findings in The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900. This book can rightfully be considered his most significant contribution to science. Here is what Roger Dadoon writes: “From the royal path of sleep, the winding paths of neurosis, through a magnificent odyssey of introspection, bold analogies from the field of art, literature, religion, social life, politics, culture, Freud brings us into direct contact with the area that gives rise to our most secret desire and from which, nevertheless, we do not cease to stubbornly turn away.With the area which he calls, borrowing the expression of Goethe, the Main Doors, and where the main forms of human existence loom: Love and Death, Eros and Thanatos. Freud draws from our bottomless depths numerous facts, strange and intimate, presented vividly and clearly, with the necessary rationality, but still with the preservation of a mystical aura. In addition to the "delicacy" noted by Jones, it is easy to see that for those who remained, the renewal of membership in the group turned into a demonstration of devotion, a new oath of allegiance. When later other psychoanalytic societies repeat Freud's method, their goal, recognized or tacit, will be to get rid of uncomfortable members in order to keep, in Jones's words, "only those who seriously devote themselves to the study of psychoanalysis." Thus the way was opened for a system of dependence and for that spirit of seriousness which gave the psychoanalysts their characteristic austerity. After regular observations of patients in 1905, a new work, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, was published. His theoretical conclusions regarding the sexual nature of man became known as the "libido theory". “Attraction and Libido,” writes R. Dadong, “are the two main and most typical concepts of the Freudian theory of sexuality and the mental apparatus as a whole. Together they form part of what is called “fundamental concepts” of psychoanalysis in Metapsychology, the effective nature of which manifested quite distinctly, despite "some uncertainty", they are indispensable as the basis and tools of research. Being "boundary concepts", they are located at the intersection of the somatic and mental, quantitative and qualitative, but it is from the mental and qualitative side that psychoanalysis acts even in when his concepts are saturated with the corporeal and quantitative. In Collective Psychology and Analysis of the Self, Freud writes: “Libido is a term borrowed from the theory of efficiency. We use it to designate the energy (considered as a quantitative, but as yet unmeasurable quantity) of the desires related to what we united by the word "love". The core of love in our understanding, naturally, is composed of what is usually called love and sung by poets, that is, sexual love, the completion of which is sexual union. But we do not separate from it other varieties of love, such as love for oneself, love for parents and children, friendship, human love in general, just as we do not separate attachment to concrete objects and abstract ideas. The most accurate definition of libido was given by Freud in his last address to this problem in the "Short Course of Psychoanalysis": “This is how we imagine the primary state: the entire energy of Eros, which we will henceforth call libido, is located inside the still undifferentiated I. This serves to neutralize the destructive tendencies that are also present in it (we do not have a term for the energy of the destructive drive, analogous to "libido")". As Dadong notes: "The opposition of the libido of the self and the libido of the object corresponds (not fully corresponding) to the basic duality of drives established by Freud in the interpretation of sexuality: the drives of the self (that is, self-preservation, which ensures the survival of the individual, an example of which is the drive to food) is opposed by the sexual drive , its purpose is the preservation of the species. By putting forward this pair of opposites - hunger and love, Freud continues a long tradition. But he goes much further: he separates the concepts of "desire" and "instinct", freeing the latter from the specifics of his biological reading, which saw in it an innate , hereditary, automatic, blind structure, limited reproductive function.With the introduction of the concept of drive, which is rather than "borderline" as Freud called it, but the threshold, he created an unusually convenient tool for psychology. Freud designates the "essence of attraction" with two main features: "Its origin is connected with the sources of excitation within the body, and it manifests itself as a constant force." "The goal of attraction," says Freud, "is always satisfaction," that is, it is completely dependent on the pleasure principle. Satisfaction is seen as the release of tension created by excitement. "The object of attraction is that in which or by means of which the impulse can achieve its goal." Here we can talk about both an external object, a person or an object, and about our own body and its parts. A variety of objects of attraction and types of relationships - fixation, transference, decay - between the object and the attraction forms the area of application of psychoanalytic research. The "libido theory", together with the discovery of infantile sexuality, was one of the main reasons why Freud was rejected both by his fellow workers and by the general public. The scientist was persecuted from the moment when he laid down and developed his theory and called it psychoanalysis. His assertion that the neurotic ailments to which human beings are subject is the result of sexual failure was regarded by respectable pundits as nothing more than obscenity. His startling thesis about the universality of the Oedipus complex (to put it simply), when a little boy loves his mother and hates his father, seemed more like a literary fiction than a scientific problem worthy of the attention of a psychologist. However, time has proven Freud right. Jean-Bertrand Pontalis said this vividly in 1971: “No one writes anymore today that Freudianism is interpretive nonsense, poorly systematized, that its method can be borrowed by discarding theory (Dalbier); there are no more magnificent opponents like Alain, able to say that psychoanalysis is the psychology of monkeys, no fools who doubt that by unleashing our demons, he provokes anarchy, there are no more slow-witted friends who see the contradictions of capitalism in fixing on the sadistic-anal stage ... Obviously, the heroic era passed away; everywhere, even among cautious Jesuits, Freud is welcomed with open arms. Out of delirium, out of fashion, out of hard work, psychoanalysis." Author: Samin D.K.
▪ Law of simple volumetric ratios
Artificial leather for touch emulation
15.04.2024 Petgugu Global cat litter
15.04.2024 The attractiveness of caring men
14.04.2024
▪ Liquipel Skins coating will protect your phone from damage ▪ CoinGuard Wireless Sensor for Burglar Alarm ▪ Charge your phone on the street ▪ Artificial intelligence controls the tanker ▪ The temperature in the Arctic has reached a maximum
▪ site section Electrical work. Article selection ▪ article by Johann Gottfried Herder. Famous aphorisms ▪ article What is milk made of? Detailed answer ▪ article Jamaican pepper. Legends, cultivation, methods of application
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page