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MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
New chronology. History and essence of scientific discovery
Directory / The most important scientific discoveries Today's chronology of ancient and medieval history was created and largely completed in a series of fundamental works of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries, beginning with the works of Joseph Scaliger and Dionysius Petavius (Petavius). They were the first to use the astronomical method to confirm the late medieval version of the chronology of previous centuries. It is believed that they thereby turned this chronology into a scientific one. For the chronologists of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries, the evidence was sufficient to fully trust the chronological grid of dates that had come down to them. In the XNUMXth century, chronologists saw their task only in clarifying details. In the XNUMXth century, the very idea that for several hundred years chronologists followed an erroneous scheme seemed absurd, since it conflicted with the established tradition. Nevertheless, historians were forced to admit that they are experiencing serious difficulties in trying to reconcile many of the chronological data of ancient sources with the established Scaligerian chronology. Doubts about the correctness of the version of the chronology adopted today have a long tradition. Back in the 1902th century, a professor at the University of Salamanca de Arcilla published his works, where he argued that all ancient history was composed in the Middle Ages. The Jesuit historian and archaeologist Jean Garduin also came to similar conclusions. In 1903-XNUMX the German Privatdozent Robert Baldauf wrote the book History and Criticism. In his work, Baldauf, on the basis of purely philological considerations, proved that not only ancient, but also early medieval history is "a falsification of the Renaissance and the centuries that followed it." The well-known English scientist Edwin Johnson (1842–1901) criticized the Scaligerian chronology somewhat earlier: "We are much closer in time to the era of the ancient Greeks and Romans than it is written in the chronological tables." He called for a revision of the entire chronology of antiquity and the Middle Ages. A special place among the critics of Scaliger-Petavius is occupied by the famous Isaac Newton, who was the author of several profound works on chronology. In them, he comes to the conclusion about the fallacy of the Scaligerian version in some of its important sections. Newton mainly analyzed the chronology of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece of our era. He came to the following conclusions. Part of the history of ancient Greece should be brought closer to us by an average of 300 years. The history of Ancient Egypt, covering several thousand years according to traditional chronology, is lifted up and compressed by Newton into a time span of only 330 years. It is noteworthy that some of the fundamental dates of ancient Egyptian history are raised by Newton by about 1800 years. In the modern era, the issue of the scientific substantiation of the chronology accepted today was raised by the outstanding Russian scientist and encyclopedist Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov (1854–1946). Morozov's father belonged to an old noble family. At the age of twenty, Nikolai became a member of the People's Will. In 1881 he was sentenced to indefinite imprisonment. During his imprisonment in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses, Morozov independently studied chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, and history. He was released only in 1905, having begun to engage in active scientific and scientific-pedagogical activities. After the October Revolution, Morozov was appointed director of the Lesgaft Natural Science Institute. Then, with the support of a group of enthusiasts and collaborators, he carried out the main part of his well-known research on ancient chronology using the methods of the natural sciences. After analyzing a huge amount of material, Morozov put forward and partially substantiated the fundamental hypothesis. The scientist says that the Scaligerian chronology of antiquity is artificially extended, lengthened compared to real history. A similar hypothesis is built by Morozov on the "repetitions" he discovered, that is, texts that probably describe the same events, but dated from different years and are considered different today. The scientist believed that the ancient chronology is reliable only from the XNUMXth century AD. A new stage in the construction of a new chronology is associated with the name of Academician A.T. Fomenko. The final version of the chronology of ancient and medieval history as a whole was proposed by him in 1979. Together with him, a group of mathematicians, mainly from Moscow State University, was engaged in the study of the issue. The new concept is based primarily on the analysis of historical sources using the methods of modern mathematics and extensive computer calculations. As a result of long-term research, Fomenko discovered numerous facts of distortion of world history and the history of Russia. It turned out, for example, that in reality medieval Rus' and the Great "Mongolian" horde are one and the same. In the preface to the book "Rus and Rome. Do we understand the history of Europe and Asia correctly?" its authors G.V. Nosovsky and A.T. Fomenko write: “The chronology of the history of the ancient and medieval world, which was finally created in the XNUMXth century AD and accepted today, is apparently incorrect. Many prominent scientists understood this. But building a new, consistent concept of history turned out to be a very difficult task ... ... The ancient history known to us today is a written history, that is, based mainly on written sources. Of course, something is written on stones, but these testimonies acquire meaning only after the whole building of history has already been built on the basis of written texts, that is, chronicles, etc. Today, most often we have only very late versions, created several hundred years after the events ... ...Certainly, some kind of reality lay at the basis of the written documents. However, the same real event could be reflected in several different chronicles, and at the same time in significantly different ways. And sometimes so differently that at first glance it is impossible to believe that we have two different descriptions of the same event ..... Finally, when studying written history, one must constantly remember that words, names, geographical names could change meaning over time. The same word could mean completely different concepts in different historical epochs. In addition, many place names have moved around the map over the centuries." Fomenko and his like-minded people involved computer technology in their research. It only remained to develop programs and prepare thousands of chronicle texts for use. “The study of chronicle texts is a fundamentally new matter for mathematics,” the authors of the book “Rus and Rome” write. shuffled cards, etc. Therefore, for our study, we had to develop fundamentally new methods of statistical research, which take into account the specifics of the source material.Special attention was paid to ensure that these methods do not duplicate each other, examine essentially different data, so that conclusions based on their results were mutually independent, which is necessary for their cross-checking.We cannot afford to further confuse a history that has already long been confused in its chronology. The most important feature of statistical methods is that they are based only on the quantitative characteristics of texts and do not analyze their semantic content (which can be very unclear and be interpreted in different ways). This is their fundamental difference from the methods of work of the historian. By the way, this distinction shows that a mathematician who analyzes historical material can never and should not try to replace a specialist historian. A mathematician should deal with that part of the information contained in the ancient chronicles, to which the historian has never paid attention (and if he did, he could not extract anything from it due to the enormous laboriousness of this work, not to mention the fact that it needs a completely different professional an approach)". To compile their chronology, scientists used several new mathematical methods, such as the principle of correlation of maxima, the principle of frequency attenuation, the principle of small distortions, the method of questionnaire codes, the method of chronological ordering and dating of geographical maps. An example is the use of the maximum correlation principle. Word to the authors of the methodology: "Let's take all the chronicle texts that we have - both those that speak of well-known events and people and are tied to a single chronological scale, and those in which the names are unfamiliar and the chronology has not been deciphered - and we will break each chronicle into the same " chapters" (presetting their length: a year, or 5, or 10 years, as convenient). Let's calculate: how much text falls on each "chapter". Now any chronicle can be depicted as a graph, where the "chapters" will be arranged horizontally in order ", that is, equal periods of time, and vertically - the volume of the text of each "chapter". Such a graph is a kind of "portrait" of the chronicle, its "dendrological cut". But the chronicle itself, as we know, is a "portrait" of events, that happened some time ago, in some period of time, in some kingdom-state... And we already know that even the multi-stage rewriting of the chronicles and combining them into the "History", although it distorts the "portrait" of events that has turned out on the chart, but not so much Even if we do not know in which country and when the events of this particular chronicle take place, mutual comparison of the "portraits" of the chronicles will help to find the answer. The main sign here is the highs (bursts) on the chart. They may become higher or lower in different chronicles that speak of the same thing, but their mutual position must be the same. It is precisely how exactly the maxima coincide when two different graphs are superimposed on each other that is called "correlation" (that is, interdependence) here. A high level of correlation means that the graphs really coincide, which means that the two chronicles in question speak about the same thing (and for this they are called a “dependent pair of texts”), a low level of correlation means that graphs and chronicles are alien to each other (“independent pair”) ". Information is considered reliable if it is confirmed by the majority of mathematical methods. After that, all the information verified in this way was plotted on a large map of several tens of square meters, which the authors called the Global Chronological Map (GHK). Mathematical methods for recognizing repetitions in history were applied to the material collected at the MCC. After calculations on computers, it was possible to find pairs of epochs that are considered different in traditional chronology. However, their mathematical indicators of proximity turned out to be extremely small, which indicates obviously dependent events. In this case, we can say that these are the same events, presented due to the errors of medieval chroniclers as different events, as if taking place in historical epochs very distant from each other. A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky draw the following conclusions: "The global chronological map (which reflects the modern idea of ancient history, reproducing any modern textbook before history) breaks up, as we can see, into four layers, into four almost identical stories, shifted relative to each other in time. Starting from the middle XVI century and closer to us "Scaligerian textbook" - GKhK does not contain any duplicates, so we can consider the historical scheme of the XVI-XX centuries basically reliable. In the interval of 900-1300, duplicates are already present. Part of the "modern textbook" describing this period, is the sum of two chronicles: some real chronicle, rather scarce, describing the real events of 900-1300, and a real chronicle describing the events of the XIV-XVI centuries.Almost any event dating from 300-900 AD is the sum of two three or four later events; information really related to this time can only be the names of some historical characters and, at best, a few semi-legendary episodes. Finally, any event dating earlier than 300 AD is entirely mythical and is either a "reflection" of later events, or entirely a figment of one's imagination, or, more often than not, the sum of both. The final form of the global chronology was created at the end of the 1652th-XNUMXth centuries, and it is in this epoch (which is very important) that the last period ends, descending into the past and giving rise to duplicates, "reflections" in antiquity - period C. Thus, the authors of the last transfer historical events in the past give themselves away, or rather, the time when they worked: after Petavius, that is, after his death in XNUMX. Having created a mutilated scheme for dating the events of ancient and medieval history, the consummators of his work, as it were, put a brand mark on the finished product - on the global chronology of Europe, created in the same fantastic spirit by the firm of Scaliger-Petavius. Author: Samin D.K.
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