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MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Geographic centers of origin of cultivated plants. History and essence of scientific discovery
Directory / The most important scientific discoveries The doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants was developed by Soviet scientists, with the primary role Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887-1946). Exploring the variability and evolution of cultivated plants, the great Charles Darwin relied primarily on the work of Alphonse Decandol (1806-1893) "Rational Botanical Geography". True, Darwin paid attention to the evolution of species, to the hereditary changes that a species has undergone. Decandole was primarily interested in establishing the homeland of a cultivated plant. After Darwin's death, Decandol's book "The Origin of Cultivated Plants" was published, which became the main work in this area. However, Decandol only outlined the homeland of cultivated plants within the continents. In addition, many provisions of his work turned out to be fundamentally wrong. The rest of the foreign scientists who dealt with this problem, in their geographical studies of the world flora, did not affect cultivated plants at all. The classical work of Dekandol, for all its saturation with facts, seemed to the Russian scientist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov one-sided, covering only the question of the initial homeland of cultivated plants and their connection with wild original or related species. Vavilov, unlike Dekandol, paid primary attention to both the main areas of the origin of species and the evolutionary stages passed by species during their settlement under the influence of culture, environmental conditions and under the influence of natural and artificial selection. “The first study by N. I. Vavilov, relating to the problem of the origin of cultivated plants,” writes A.F. Bakhteev, “was published in 1917 in the work “On the Origin of Cultivated Rye,” the second, “On the Eastern Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants,” saw world in 1924. And in 1926, in the second volume of the 16th edition of the "Works on Applied Botany and Breeding", N.I. Vavilov presented to the scientific community the fundamental work "Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants", dedicated to Alphonse Decandol - the result of persistent and consistent study works of his predecessors, long-term expeditionary studies, analysis of collected and approbated crops.Summarizing the results of theoretical provisions in the named work, Nikolai Ivanovich emphasizes the obviousness of parallelism and cyclicity in the formation of various genera and families, which makes it possible to foresee the presence of certain forms, simplifying the solution of the problem of their origin. In this publication, for the first time summing up his theoretical developments, N.I. Vavilov singled out five main foci of the most important field, garden and horticultural plants..." “Clarification of the centers of formation and origin of cultivated plants,” Vavilov writes further, “allows us to approach objectively the establishment of the main centers of agricultural culture Disputes about whether Egyptian culture is autonomous, whether it borrowed elements of culture from Mesopotamia or vice versa, questions about autonomy Chinese and Indian cultures are solved objectively by studying varieties of cultivated plants.Plants, their varieties are not so easily transferred from one area to another, despite many millennia of wandering peoples and tribes, as we see, there is no difficulty in establishing the main centers of formation of most cultivated plants. The presence in North Africa and Southwest Asia of large endemic groups, species and varieties of cultivated plants, on which agricultural crops were created independently, resolves the issue of the autonomy of these crops in the general cultural and historical sense ... The ultimate goal of the above studies, in addition to their direct utilitarian significance in the sense of mastering the sources of varietal wealth, is to try to come close to the general biological problems of speciation. Evolution proceeded in space and time, only by coming close to the geographical centers of morphogenesis, having established all the links that connect species, it seems to us, Vavilov wrote in conclusion, that we can look for ways to master the synthesis of Linnaean species, understanding the latter as systems of forms .. . The very solution to the problems of speciation, as naturally follows from everything stated here, lies only in the synthesis of an in-depth study of individual groups of plants by the methods of differential systematics of botanical geography, in the sense of establishing the centers of morphogenesis, by the methods of genetics and cytology ... " Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, in spite of what had already been achieved, considered the first edition of the "Centers of Origin ..." as the initial stage of further research. For more than two decades, he continued to work on this problem. Each new work to some extent enriched and developed the idea of "Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants". In the future, as noted by A.F. Bakhtin: "For each of the centers or centers of origin, N.I. Vavilov indicated the main list of cultivated plant species characteristic of a given geographical area, including: cereals and other cereals; cereal legumes; bamboos, root crops, tubers, bulbous and aquatic food plants ; vegetables, melons; horticultural; fodder; sugar plants; oil and essential oil plants, resin plants and tanning plants; spicy plants; technical and medicinal plants; spinning; dyeing; plants for various purposes, up to plant endems. In one of his latest works, The Teaching on the Origin of Cultivated Plants after Darwin, Vavilov summarizes all the vast material studied: Of the 850 species of food, industrial, and medicinal crops, we will arbitrarily focus on the 7 most important species, which actually occupy at least 1500 percent of the entire cultivated area.The remaining 1000-99 species, with all their diversity, occupy less than 500 percent of the entire cultivated area. The continent that produced the largest number of cultivated plants is Asia, which accounts for about 1000 of the 700 species considered, i.e., about 70 percent of the entire cultivated flora. The New World accounts for approximately 17 percent. Australia before the arrival of Europeans did not know cultivated plants, and only in the last century, its eucalyptus and acacias are beginning to be widely used in the culture of tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Within the continents, the following seven main geographical centers of origin of cultivated plants are distinguished. 1. The South Asian tropical center, including here the territory of tropical India, Indochina, South tropical China and the islands of Southeast Asia ... 2. The East Asian center includes temperate and subtropical parts of Central and East China, most of Taiwan, Korea and Japan... 3. West Asian center. This includes the territories of mountainous Asia Minor (Anatolia), Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and North-Western India ... 4. The Mediterranean center includes countries located along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea ... 5. Within the African continent, little Abyssinia stands out as an independent geographical center. A somewhat peculiar Mountainous Arabian (Yemeni) hearth also adjoins here ... 6. In the vast territory of North America, the Central American geographical center stands out, first of all, including southern Mexico ... 7. Andean center within South America, confined to part of the Andean Range ... ... As you can see, the main geographical centers of the initial introduction of the majority of cultivated plants into the culture are associated not only with floristic areas that are distinguished by rich flora, but also with ancient civilizations. In fact, the identified seven large centers correspond to the localization of the most ancient agricultural cultures. The South Asian tropical center is associated with a high ancient Indian and Indochinese culture. The latest excavations have shown the deep antiquity of this culture, synchronous with the Near East. The East Asian center is associated with ancient Chinese culture. Southwest Asian with the ancient culture of Iran, Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine. The Mediterranean already for several thousand years BC concentrated the Etruscan, Hellenic and Egyptian cultures, numbering about 6 thousand years of their existence. The relatively primitive Abyssinian culture has deep roots, probably synchronous with the ancient Egyptian culture, and perhaps even preceding it. Within the New World, the Central American center is associated with the great Maya culture, which reached great success in science and art before Columbus. The Andean center is associated with the remarkable pre-Inca and Inca civilizations." In one of his lectures, Nikolai Ivanovich drew attention to the difference between the domestic method: "A specific feature of our research is the introduction of the so-called differential botanical-geographical method, since in relation to cultivated plants we are interested not only in the ranges of species and genera, but, above all, in the constituent species , varieties and races. In this direction, Soviet researchers went independently. The major discoveries that befell Soviet science are determined precisely by the untouchedness of this area. Evaluating the doctrine of the "Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants," Vavilov said not without pride that he had taken on the difficult task of mobilizing the plant resources of the entire globe. Author: Samin D.K.
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