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MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Law of Archimedes. History and essence of scientific discovery
Directory / The most important scientific discoveries Archimedes (287 BC - 212 BC) was born in the Greek city of Syracuse, where he lived almost all his life. His father was Phidias, the court astronomer of the ruler of the city of Hieron. Archimedes, like many other ancient Greek scientists, studied in Alexandria, where the rulers of Egypt, the Ptolemies, gathered the best Greek scientists and thinkers, and also founded the famous, largest library in the world. After studying in Alexandria, Archimedes returned to Syracuse again and inherited his father's position. In theoretical terms, the work of this great scientist was brilliant. The main works of Archimedes concerned various practical applications of mathematics (geometry), physics, hydrostatics and mechanics. In his work "Parabola of Quadrature", Archimedes substantiated the method for calculating the area of a parabolic segment, and he did this two thousand years before the discovery of integral calculus. In the work "On the measurement of a circle" Archimedes first calculated the number "pi" - the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter - and proved that it is the same for any circle. We still use the system of naming integers invented by Archimedes. The review of Cicero, the great orator of antiquity, who saw the "Archimedean sphere" - a model showing the movement of heavenly bodies around the Earth, is curious: "This Sicilian possessed a genius that, it would seem, human nature cannot achieve." Archimedes tests and creates the theory of five mechanisms known in his time and called "simple mechanisms". These are a lever (“Give me a point of support,” said Archimedes, “and I will move the Earth”), a wedge, a block, an endless screw and a winch. But Archimedes also knew that objects have more than just shape and dimension: they move, or can move, or remain stationary under the action of certain forces that move objects forward or bring them into balance. The great Syracusan studied these forces and invented a new branch of mathematics in which material bodies, reduced to their geometric form, retain at the same time their gravity. This weight geometry is rational mechanics, statics, and also hydrostatics. Archimedes develops the doctrine of hydrostatics in his work On Floating Bodies. “Suppose,” says the scientist, “that a liquid is of such a nature that from its particles located at the same level and adjacent to each other, the less compressed are pushed out more compressed, and that each of its particles is compressed by a liquid located above it along a plumb line, if only the liquid is not enclosed in any vessel and is not squeezed by something else. Relying on this position, Archimedes mathematically proves that the following "consequences" are fully explained using the above hypothesis: "1) Bodies that are equal in weight to a liquid, being lowered into this liquid, are immersed so that no part of them protrudes above the surface of the liquid, and will not move down. 2) A body lighter than a liquid, being lowered into this liquid, does not sink entirely, but some part of it remains above the surface of the liquid. 3) A body lighter than a liquid, being lowered into this liquid, is immersed so that the volume of liquid corresponding to the immersed (part of the body) has a weight equal to the weight of the whole body. 4) Bodies lighter than the liquid, which are forcibly lowered into this liquid, will be pushed up with a force equal to the weight by which the liquid, which has the same volume as the body, will be heavier than this body. 5) Bodies heavier than the liquid, immersed in this liquid, will sink until they reach the very bottom, and in the liquid will become lighter by the weight of the liquid in a volume equal to the volume of the immersed body. Paragraph 5 contains, in fact, the well-known law of Archimedes, the discovery of which allowed him, according to legend, to verify the composition of the crown of the Syracusan king Hieron. The famous story about the first practical application of the Law of Archimedes is given by the ancient Roman author Vitruvius in his work "On Architecture": "...Based on his discovery, he is said to have made two ingots, each of the same weight as the crown, one of gold, the other of silver. Having done this, he filled the vessel with water to the very brim and lowered a silver an ingot, and this is how much of the ingot was immersed in the vessel, the corresponding amount of water flowed out. Taking out the ingot, he poured into the vessel such an amount of water, by what amount was it less there, measuring the poured water with a sextarium, so that, as before, the vessel was filled to the very brim with water, so from here he found what weight of silver corresponds to what specific amount of water. Having made such an examination, he then in the same way lowered the gold ingot into a full vessel. Then, taking it out and adding the amount of water that had spilled out in the same measure, he found, on the basis of a smaller number of sextarii of water, how much less volume occupies an ingot of gold compared to an ingot of silver of the same weight. After that, filling the vessel and lowering the crown into the same water, he found that more water flowed out when the crown was immersed than when a golden mass of the same weight was immersed; and thus, on the basis of the conclusion that more water was displaced by a crown than by a gold ingot, he discovered an admixture of silver in the gold and discovered the obvious theft of the supplier. “In this story,” Ya.G. Dorfman notes, “only the conclusion of Archimedes that the crown consists of an alloy, and not pure gold is convincing. But it does not follow from anywhere that silver was necessarily the second component. In any case, it follows It should be noted that this outstanding discovery of Archimedes marks the first ever application of the physical measuring method to the control and analysis of the chemical composition without violating the integrity of the product.The enormous practical significance of this discovery in an era when there were no other methods of this kind general attention and became the subject of further research and practical use over many subsequent centuries. Apparently, Archimedes himself did not limit himself to the described semi-qualitative experiment, but moved on to a more accurate quantitative measurement. Al-Khazini, the author of the Arabic work of the 81th century "The Book of the Scales of Wisdom", quoting "word for word" a treatise by the Greek Menelaus, who lived during the time of the Roman emperor Domitian (96-XNUMX BC), has not come down to us, reports, that Archimedes "invented a mechanical contrivance which, by virtue of its delicate construction, enabled him to determine how much gold and how much silver was contained in a crown without disturbing its shape." Al-Khazini also gives a diagram of the structure of the "Archimedes balance" with a movable load. Comparing the weights of the mentioned ingots in water on this device, Archimedes could determine the numerical ratio of the specific gravity of gold and silver with the help of a movable weight, and by comparing the weights of the crown and one of these ingots in the same way, he could establish the relative amount of gold and silver in the crown (if only these two metals were included in the composition of the crown)". Synesius of Cyrene in the XNUMXth century, a student of the famous Alexandrian scientist Hypatia, based on the principles of Archimedes, invented the "hydroscope" - a hydrometer for determining the specific gravity of liquids. The device, made of bronze, had notches. Apparently, this device was used to compile tables of specific gravity of various liquids. Unfortunately, no such tables have come down to us. Author: Samin D.K.
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