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BUILDER, HOUSEHOLDER
Abyssinian well. Tips for the home master
Directory / Builder, home master Not all villages and towns yet have running water, and in summer cottages and garden plots it often does not exist at all - water has to be taken from wells. As a rule, these are mine reservoirs, and far from always they are located near the house. But what if a well is built right on the site? However, digging a mine is a very laborious business, you will have to transfer a lot of land. A tubular well is more accessible. Does it have enough water? The flow rate of a well usually depends little on the size of its cross section. Therefore, a tubular source, if it is properly built and properly maintained, will provide the need for a personal plot no worse than a mine one and will not yield to it in terms of durability. In addition, it does not allow surface contamination and, therefore, is the safest in sanitary and hygienic terms. When starting to build a well, it is necessary to collect as much information as possible about the nature of the rocks up to the aquifer. It should be borne in mind that hard stone layers and boulder-pebble deposits are difficult to pass with a home-made tool. If the aquifer consists of loose granular rocks (sand, a mixture of sand and pebbles), the easiest way is to make the so-called Abyssinian driven well. Very useful information about him is contained in the ancient literature. In Russia, springs of this type were tested in 1869 in several places near Tsarskoye Selo. Despite the content of limestone in the surface layers, it was possible to obtain fresh and cold water. In 10 minutes, the well was driven to a depth of about 3 m, and after half an hour a pump screwed onto the end of the pipe gave fairly clean water - one bucket per minute. The device of the Abyssinian well is not difficult. According to the description of K. I. Maslyannikov, referring to 1889, the design consists of a pipe with holes, equipped with a spear-shaped tip at the end. Inside - the valve in the form of a ball. The following accessories are a pile driver (light metal tripod) and a headstock. To get water, a tripod is installed, the tip is screwed onto the gas pipe and the headstock is driven into the ground.
In the form in which this source of water supply is described by K. I. Maslyannikov, it has a number of shortcomings, but they are relatively easy to eliminate at present. The primitive filter is just a perforated pipe. The greatest depth of water rise is 7 m. The latter is explained by the use of a suction pump operating due to atmospheric pressure. The device can be upgraded - the filter can be made mesh, and the water can be raised using a small-sized submersible pump. The intake part of such a well is a pipe with holes for the passage of water, equipped with a strainer, a poppet valve and a spear-shaped tip. The tightness of the valve seat is ensured by a rubber gasket. The spear-shaped tip is made of solid steel. Wire (stainless steel, copper or its alloys, nichrome) is needed in order to move the mesh away from the pipe holes, thereby increasing the "duty cycle" - the throughput of the water filter. Therefore, the wire is wound with a gap between the turns, fixing it in several places along the length of the pipe by welding or soldering with copper. On top of the spiral is a mesh filter. Mesh (brass or stainless steel) can be galloon or plain square weave. The first one is preferable - in it the warp wire is thicker and is located at some distance from one another, and the weft wire is thin and fits close to each other. The holes in the galloon mesh are slit-shaped and therefore less clogged than in the usual one. The mesh is attached to the pipe by welding, soldering or stitching. When welding or soldering is used, one edge is first grasped, then, pulling on the pipe, the second is fixed. The stitching is done like this. Before tightening, measure the circumference of the pipe. Based on the value obtained, the mesh is cut off, leaving an allowance for filling the ends. They are bent inward, wire rods 0 2,5-3,0 mm are inserted into the bending points and sewn together with wire. The top and bottom edges are welded or soldered to the pipe. The water-receiving part, located below the filter, must have a blind reservoir: it will serve as a collector of sand and silt that has penetrated through the filter. It is not necessary to strive to ensure that the filter retains the smallest fractions of sand - after passing through the grid, they will either be carried out by the water flow to the surface during pumping out, or they will settle in the sump. In this case, an environment of larger particles of sand or gravel is formed around the pipe in the aquifer, which subsequently themselves will play the role of a natural filter. Before driving the well, they dig a hole 800x800x1000 mm. Then, by attaching an extension pipe to the filter, a bollard is fixed on it at a distance of 1000-1500 mm from the end. Putting a headstock on the pipe, a clamp with two blocks is fixed in the upper part so that the free play of the headstock is 1000-1300 mm. The pipe is installed in the center of the pit, covered with soil and rammed. Now you can clog the well. To do this, the headstock is lifted by the ropes to the highest position and released. Falling, she strikes the lower collar. As they deepen, subsequent pipes are screwed on. In order to determine during the driving process whether water has appeared in the well, a thin tube of short length is periodically lowered into it on a cord. When it comes into contact with water, a characteristic cotton is heard. The well is deepened until the filter sinks into the aquifer and the liquid level in the pipe rises by 500-1000 mm above the upper edge of the filter. After that, the driving is stopped, and the water is pumped out until it is completely clarified. If the water in the well lies no deeper than 7 m, it can be raised to the surface with a suction pump operating due to atmospheric pressure. It is installed directly on a pipe coming out of the ground, providing a reliable connection with it. At greater depths, a submersible pump will be required. It is not difficult to make, using the NG-1 deep-well household pump produced by the Biysk Machine-Building Plant as a basis. The pump has an outer Ø 57 mm, so in the kit it can be used to lift water from an Abyssinian well with an internal diameter of at least 70 mm. For self-production, a diameter of no more than 50 mm is recommended, which allows you to use the NG-1 pump piston, since the diameter of the pump cylinder is just 50 mm. If the Abyssinian well is made from pipes of smaller diameter, the dimensions of the piston must be changed accordingly. In conclusion, we recall that for the construction of a well, it is necessary to obtain permission from the local Council of People's Deputies, the regional hydrogeological (hydro-regime) party and the sanitary and epidemiological station. Author: V.Dolin
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