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BUILDER, HOUSEHOLDER
Fireplace for bees. Tips for the home master
Directory / Builder, home master The research of scientists and the experience of beekeepers show that with a good supply of good-quality feed and caring maintenance, winged honey plants perfectly tolerate wintering even in severe frosts. After all, the trouble for a weakened bee colony in the cold season is not so much low temperature as high humidity, when the frames and the inner surface of the hives become moldy, and an increase in the thermal conductivity of the humidified air surrounding the ball of bees and dampened walls threatens to increase heat loss with all the resulting heavy consequences. The measures I have been using for several years now, related to electric heating in the winter, allow us to create and maintain comfortable conditions that ensure the safety of bee colonies of any strength. In fact, this is a system of convective ventilation of hives (SVU, the term is supported by the patent office of the country). The principle of operation of SKVU is easy to understand on the example of a bee hive. Warm air, rising from the electric heaters upwards according to the laws of convection, passes in the direction conventionally shown by the arrows through the canvas, insulation and holes in the lid (or through the upper notch) to the outside. When moving in the hive, this main flow gives rise to smaller, convection ones. Together they provide effective ventilation. And this - with a minimum of energy costs. Based on the conditions of comfort, it is even necessary to limit the power of the electric heater. When converted to the needs of one street of bees, it should not exceed 1,5 watts. For example, in my apiary, where each bee family easily endures frosts, located in a housing (on eight or nine frames 435x230 mm), the total power of two heaters placed along the edges of the winter nest is only 8,6 watts. I consider the breakdown of the already insignificant power into 6,8 and 1,8 W to be a successfully found technical solution. After all, firstly, it allows you to significantly simplify the entire structure (the dimensions of the heater practically do not depend on the number of frames in the hive), and secondly, it helps to improve the microclimate in the bee colony (the split of the club during winter thaws is excluded, since there is a real opportunity for everyone to leave towards a more powerful heat source). Finally, thirdly, the energy flow from the emitter is distributed over the entire side surface (rather than from a point source), ensuring efficient removal of condensate. And in the end, indeed, it makes SKVU a system that guarantees a favorable wintering (in the wild, in each individual hive) of nuclei and families of any strength, which is confirmed by many years of practice. To power thirty large heaters (according to the number of bee colonies), I recommend using two standard 190-watt transformers TP190-5, which lower the voltage from 220 V to the required 40 V. It turns out even a power reserve (only 204 W is needed instead of 380 W), which with continuous work during the 6-month "heating" season is very handy. And secondary windings connected in parallel, each of which is made of 1 mm wire and is designed for a permissible current of 1,57 A, are capable of delivering almost 6,3 A to the load. This significantly exceeds the current consumed by thirty 6,8-watt heaters (5,1 A), being another guarantee of high reliability of the system of large heat sources.
But what about small thermal sources? Having made simple calculations using the formulas of a school physics course, it is easy to calculate that to power thirty 1,8-watt heaters, you need a 54 W step-down transformer capable of delivering 4,5 A to the load at a voltage of 12 V. Of those produced by the domestic industry, it is the best fit (if you choose with a margin for electrical parameters) a 100 W device with two secondary windings connected in parallel (each has a wire with a diameter of 1,8 mm, rated for a current of 5,09 A at a voltage of 12 V). In a SCWU, such a transformer will operate with more than double the current reserve in the load! The design of the heater is shown in the figure. A high-resistance wire is laid in the slot of the base-frame, the ends are fixed, to which flexible leads are soldered. On both sides, the corresponding panels are installed and everything is knocked together with 20 mm nails, having previously stretched the leads into the 5 mm hole, followed by attaching the hangers. Out-of-hive installation is carried out with an insulated wire, the diameter of which is selected based on the current consumption. For 5,1 A, this corresponds to 1,9 mm. The number of turns of the high-resistance winding of the heater is easier and more accurate to determine experimentally. This will require an ohmmeter and a frame layout. The size of 600 mm is indicative, depending on the placed heater, the calculated resistance of which (235 Ohm) is found as a result of the separation of voltage from current. Before winding, it is necessary to lay out the wire of the future heater on the floor in the room so that its parts do not touch each other anywhere, and use an ohmmeter to select the desired length, focusing on the readings of the device (approximately equal or slightly greater than 235 Ohm). Having placed the resulting segment on the frame layout (the turns should not touch each other), both ends are fixed. And by connecting the heater blank to the power source, the current consumption is measured. If the value obtained is lower than the calculated 0,17 A, the number of turns is reduced, if higher, then, accordingly, increased. The verified parameter of the heating winding (in my case, 51 turns) can be used as the main one in all subsequent operations. A frame base is made and, having made cuts 3 mm deep in it with a hacksaw, the resulting winding is distributed as evenly as possible. If several heat emitters are required, then the slots are best done by connecting a package of 6-7 blanks with clamps. Having laid the verified turns of high-resistance wire on the frame, they assemble the heater. The method for calculating the power supply system for small thermal sources, as well as the technology for their assembly, is similar to that described. Due to the fact that in the manufacture of any heater of this design it is not always possible to fully comply with all the recommended parameters (a different diameter and resistance of a high-resistance wire, other voltages in the load circuits, etc.), it is advisable to introduce a correction taking into account the maximum allowable temperature regime. After determining the number of turns of the heater winding, a frame is made to check the heating temperature of the high-resistance wire (you can use the frame model). The distance between the slots is made as small as possible. But in such a way that after laying the heating winding, its sections (located with the minimum allowable step) do not come into contact with each other. Having laid the estimated number of turns of high-resistance wire in the slots of the frame, the ends are fixed. And having assembled a simple installation, at an ambient temperature of +20 ° C, the investigated heater is connected to a power source and the tests themselves are carried out. After 2-3 hours, when the thermal regime can be considered established, the thermometer readings are taken. They should not be higher than +40 ° C (in my case, the temperature was invariably +28 ° C), so that with the placement of such a heater in the hive, the eggs laid by the queen bee do not die from overheating. When preparing bees for wintering, it is necessary to place manufactured heaters along the edges of the nest. From October until the first cleansing flight, the SKVU is turned on for me, and only when the ambient air temperature in the shade is above +5 ° C does it turn off. But after the cleansing flyby and until May 10, the regime changes. And the system turns on only when the temperature around is less than +25 °C.
Finally, one more feature of the use of SKVU. During the wintering of bees, the lower and upper entrances of the hives are open to the full width! Energy capabilities of the system. A bee family of average strength consumes 20-25 grams of honey per day in the first half of winter. From the end of February, when brood appears, consumption almost doubles. With the energy properties of honey 3,15 kcal/g and the average daily consumption of honey by a bee colony in the amount of 25 g, we get: usually planned energy costs are 79 kcal. The total power of heaters for one family, as already noted, is 8,6 watts. During the day, they emit heat in the amount of 173 kcal. But after all, the heaters in my apiary work from mid-October to early May, that is, about 200 days. During this time, having spent only 42 kWh of electricity, they will give (per bee colony) 34 kcal. And in order for the bees to be able to allocate an equal amount of heat over the same period, they need to consume almost 600 kg of honey. When comparing the existing prices for honey and electricity, the gain for the beekeeper, as they say, is absolute! Author: A.Cherevatenko
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