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What processes took place in Eastern Europe at the turn of the 1980-1990s? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What processes took place in Eastern Europe at the turn of the 1980-1990s? The reform movement in most Eastern European countries intensified significantly in the second half of the 1980s. under the influence of perestroika in the USSR, initiated by the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M. S. Gorbachev and radically changed the political course of the Soviet Union. However, the "renewal of socialism" that began in the USSR was slow, while economic and political transformations were carried out more actively in other European socialist countries. In Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, attempts were made to transform not only the economic, but also the political system. But these processes in a number of countries met with desperate resistance from conservative ruling circles, and in a number of countries (Romania, East Germany, Albania, North Korea) they were blocked by clan-family regimes. A crisis that had been brewing for a long time by the end of the 1980s. intensified even more. It manifested itself in almost all spheres of life in Eastern Europe. This predetermined the emergence of a revolutionary peculiar situation in these countries. It took shape and developed differently in individual countries. But common to all countries was the desire to eliminate the monopoly power of the ruling parties, to establish a truly democratic form of government and, on the basis of broad democracy, to renew the socio-economic and political life of society. The forms and methods of democratic revolutions were different - from the "velvet", calm revolution in Czechoslovakia to the bloody clashes in Romania, where the dictator Ceausescu tried so hard to suppress a popular uprising in December 1989. Social ferment, protests against the existing regime, were most actively manifested in Poland and Hungary. It was here that they led to the first upheavals of the existing order. It was here that new political forces came to power, removing the ruling parties from leadership. After the revolutions of 1989, radical socio-economic and political changes were carried out in all the countries of the socialist camp in Eastern Europe. The market economy was restored, the process of denationalization was carried out, unprofitable enterprises were closed. In the political field, a multi-party system was restored, the system of power organization was changed. But the reform process faced difficulties. Ethnic problems have become aggravated in many countries. This led to the disintegration of a number of socialist countries. Thus, Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Not preserved on the political map of the world and Yugoslavia, which was engulfed by internecine war and ethnic cleansing. Rapid political changes were taking place in Bulgaria. After the removal of T. Zhivkov from power, an active process of democratization began in the country. Democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe became the biggest event of the second half of the XNUMXth century. They resulted not only in the restoration of capitalist relations in the region, but also changed the alignment of forces on a global scale. Democratic revolutions led to the collapse of the socialist system. The culmination of this process was the unification of the GDR and the FRG. The internal political crisis in the USSR itself, the stronghold of socialism, was rapidly growing. MS Gorbachev, who initiated the perestroika processes, was rapidly losing control over the situation in the country and the socialist region. In December 1991, the USSR ceased to exist, and with it the socialist system in Europe sank into oblivion. The disappearance of the USSR, one of the centers of power, from the political map of the world led to the disintegration of the bipolar system of international relations. This process, in contrast to previous international transformations, was not accompanied by military-political cataclysms. This determined a number of features inherent in the formation of a new system of international relations. The collapse of the former confrontation between the USSR and the USA led to a situation where the formation of a new model began to depend on only one remaining superpower - the United States. In the new international situation, the United States does not hide its hegemonic aspirations. But the problem of the future state of the world system is still vague. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What is force majeure? These are force majeure circumstances (for example, natural disasters) that prevent the fulfillment of financial obligations within the agreed period.
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