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What were the development paths of France after de Gaulle? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What were the development paths of France after de Gaulle? After the departure of de Gaulle, not the best of times came for France. And in France, there were objective problems that the entire Western civilization had to face in the first half of the 1970s. The initial impulse was given to them by the economic crisis of 1974. The sharp deterioration of the situation in the economy affected the standard of living of the majority of the French. Gaullist methods of solving problems no longer gave the desired effect. The situation was aggravated by the fact that in April 1974 French President J. Pompidou, de Gaulle's successor, unexpectedly died. During the next elections, Giscard de Estaing, the head of the independent Republicans, won. The new president declared that his goal was to build an "advanced liberal society" in France. In accordance with this attitude, the emphasis was increasingly shifted to market methods of management. But the implementation of drastic monetary measures in a country with strong left-wing traditions could destabilize the situation. Therefore, in France, the transition to a post-industrial society was carried out not without elements of social maneuvering. No less significant progress has been made in the sphere of foreign policy. In contrast to de Gaulle, the new president immediately began to improve relations with the United States and strengthen "Atlantic solidarity." French troops began to participate regularly in NATO exercises. The new president was also an ardent supporter of integration trends in Europe. But in May 1981, during the presidential elections, the voters gave preference to the candidate of the left forces. For the first time in the history of the Fifth Republic, the socialist F. Mitterrand became president. The transfer of power into the hands of the socialists meant a new turn in the development of the country's political system. The socialists did not begin to ignore the general trends in the development of the country, to revise the Constitution of the Fifth Republic. But they offered their own scenario for solving urgent problems. The socialists again returned to the practice of state regulation of the economy. Already in 1981, intensive nationalization of institutions and industries began. As a result, France has become the largest country in the West in terms of the size of the public sector in the economy. Reforms were carried out in the credit and tax area, the social sphere. The restoration of the course towards the development of a socially oriented market economy led to the flight of capital from the country, the depreciation of the French currency, and an increase in inflation. Under these conditions, the socialists found themselves in a dilemma: either continue their attack on big capital, or slow down the reforms. The first path threatened with a sharp polarization of society. F. Mitterrand chose the second way. Already in 1983, a transition to a policy of austerity was announced. The "conservative wave", however, with some delay, began its run in France. In this situation, the next elections were held in 1986. They ended with the defeat of the socialists. The right-wing forces got the opportunity to form a new government headed by J. Chirac. Such sharp zigzags in the political development of France had a painful effect on the economic life of the country. J. Chirac dramatically changed the economic course: forced denationalization of state property began in the country, tax and credit policies became tougher. But these measures did not produce tangible results, as in England and the USA. This was actively used by the socialists led by F. Mitterrand. In the new elections, he managed to win again, but already at this stage the president did not conduct any social experiments. But even this did not allow France to fit into the post-industrial era. It was more difficult for the socialists to stay on the political stage. True, this time the right-wing forces, which controlled both the government and parliament, managed to reverse the economic situation. The government of E. Balladur managed to achieve tangible results: inflation was brought down, industrial production growth rates increased, and unemployment was reduced. In the presidential elections of 1995, the right-wing forces put an end to the country's political process. They won the elections, J. Chirac became the president of the country again. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What is dysbiosis? These are changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora - the protective functions of beneficial microflora decrease, and the number of pathogenic microflora increases.
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