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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
What is the essence of the theory of the "welfare state"? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What is the essence of the theory of the "welfare state"? The concept of the "welfare state" flourished most in the late 1950s and early 1960s. According to this concept, in the Western countries such regulation of economic development was carried out, which led to the stabilization of social relations. As a result, a new society has emerged in Western countries, the features of which are the achievement of a high standard of living, determined by mass consumption and social security. In this society, much attention began to be paid to the development of education, health care, and the social sphere in general. The theory of regulation of market relations was developed by the English economist D. M. Keynes back in the 1930s. (the theory of "effective demand"). But it wasn't until after World War II that Western and North American governments were able to apply Keynesian theory. The expansion of aggregate demand has created a mass consumer of durable goods. It was precisely due to the structural changes in the "production-consumption" system that occurred in the 1950s-1960s that it became possible for a relatively long period of economic recovery and high growth rates, reducing unemployment to the level of full employment in Western countries. The symbol of this economic recovery was the car, which became available for personal use of millions of Westerners. Refrigerators, televisions, radios, washing machines, and so on became widely available. From a long-term perspective, the market for durable goods was approaching the mid-1970s. to the edge of saturation. Profound changes have also taken place in the agricultural sector of Western European countries. The powerful development of biotechnology and agricultural engineering made it possible to complete the mechanization and chemicalization of agriculture in the post-war decade. As a result, by the mid-1960s. Western Europe not only became fully self-sufficient in food, but also became a major food exporter. The intensification of agricultural production led to a reduction in employment. The service sector, which also includes education, health care and the social security system, has become an important area for absorbing the vacant labor force. The peak of social reform in Western countries came in the 1960s. The major social transformations carried out at that time, although they significantly changed the face of Western society, at the same time marked the limits of the possibilities of liberal etatism. The rapid development of the scientific and technological revolution, which also occurred in the 1960s, inspired hope for a sustainable further economic growth. Scientific and technological revolution contributed to the growth of needs, led to a constant renewal of the range of products, which left an imprint on the entire sphere of production, dictated its own conditions. All these factors affected not only material production, but also the culture of society. 1960s were marked by a stormy surge of "mass culture" that influenced the entire lifestyle. Funds for ensuring stable economic growth were obtained mainly from taxes, government loans and money emission. This led to the formation of a budget deficit, but at that time they did not see any particular danger in it. Scarce public funding for numerous social programs was supposed to expand demand, which increased business activity and, as politicians and economists believed, guaranteed social stability. But there were flaws in these theoretical constructions. Deficit funding was inevitably accompanied by rising inflation. These negative moments began to affect later, in the 1970s, when a massive criticism of Keynesianism began. By the end of the 1960s. it became clear that economic growth in itself does not save society from shocks. By the turn of the 1960-1970s. it became obvious that the implementation of social reforms does not guarantee sustainable social progress. It turned out that they have a lot of vulnerabilities, and this in the 1970s. used by conservatives. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What does the most complex Japanese character, consisting of 84 dashes, mean? In Japanese writing, both elements of the syllabary alphabet (hiragana and katakana) and hieroglyphs (kanji) are used. The longest kanji to write is "taito", which roughly translates to "dragon in flight". To depict this hieroglyph, you need to make 84 lines. Although remembering it is not as difficult as it seems at first glance, since "taito" consists of six smaller hieroglyphs: three "dragons" and three "clouds".
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