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How did World War II end? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did World War II end? From the beginning of 1944, the Soviet army launched a powerful offensive on all fronts. By autumn, most of the territory of the Soviet Union was cleared of invaders, and the war was transferred outside our country. Hitler's bloc began to rapidly fall apart. On August 23, 1944, the fascist regime fell in Romania, and on September 9, an uprising broke out in Bulgaria. On September 19, an armistice was signed with Finland. The position of Germany worsened even more after the second front was opened in Normandy (France) on June 6, 1944. The allied troops pushed the Germans from Italy, Greece, Slovakia. Things were going well in the Pacific as well. In August 1944, after stubborn fighting, the Americans captured the Mariana Islands. From the air base located on these islands, American bombers could bomb Japan, the situation of which after that deteriorated sharply. All this raised the problem of a post-war settlement to its full potential. In the autumn of 1944, at a conference in Dumbarton Oaks (USA), the preparation of the Charter of a new international peacekeeping organization, the United Nations, was basically completed. A little earlier, at a conference in Bretton Woods, issues related to the creation of an international monetary system were discussed. There, a decision was made to form two important international financial institutions - the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which supported the entire post-war monetary and financial system. The United States began to play a key role in these organizations, skillfully using them to strengthen its influence in world affairs. The main thing at the final stage of the war was to achieve an early victory. In the spring of 1944, the war was transferred to the territory of the Reich proper. On April 13, Soviet troops took Vienna, and on April 24 the battle for Berlin began. On April 30, A. Hitler committed suicide, and on May 2, the Berlin garrison capitulated. On the night of May 8-9, 1945, the Germans were forced to sign an act of complete and unconditional surrender of Germany. The war in Europe is over. The war in the Pacific was drawing to a close. But the high military command of Japan was not going to put up with the steadily looming disaster. However, by the spring of 1945, the strategic initiative had gone over to the side of Japan's opponents. In June, after heavy fighting, the Americans took the island of Okinawa, located in close proximity to the main territory of Japan. The ring around Japan was shrinking ever tighter. The outcome of the war was no longer in doubt. Its ending was marked by one exceptionally important event: on August 6, 1945, the Americans dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. On August 9, the Americans repeated their attack, the object of which was the city of Nagasaki. On the same day, the Soviet Union entered the war against Japan. On September 2, 1945, Japan capitulated, and thus World War II ended. In the course of it, an exclusively aggressive grouping of states that openly claimed to redistribute the world and unify it in their own image and likeness was completely defeated. A serious regrouping of forces also took place in the camp of the victors. The positions of Great Britain, especially France, were noticeably weakened. China began to be considered among the leading countries, but until the end of the civil war there, it could only nominally be considered a great power. All over Europe and Asia, the positions of the left forces were noticeably strengthened, whose authority increased noticeably due to their active participation in the resistance movement, and, conversely, representatives of the right-wing conservative circles, who stained themselves with cooperation with the Nazis, were pushed to the sidelines of the political process. Finally, not just two great powers appeared in the world, but two superpowers - the USA and the USSR. The equal power of these two giants, on the one hand, and the complete mismatch of the value systems that they represented, on the other, inevitably predetermined their sharp clash in the post-war world, and it was precisely this that until the turn of the 1980s-1990s. became the core of the development of the entire system of international relations. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What is bacteria? Bacteria are living organisms so small that they can only be seen through a microscope with a magnification of several hundred times. Therefore, they are called "microorganisms". Before a person could see bacteria, he had to face the results of their activity. For example, when wine ferments, milk turns sour, and dead plants and animals decompose. But there were superstitions and religious prejudices about these phenomena. Today we know that bacteria are everywhere - in the air, water, food, on our skin and even inside us. Bacteria reproduce by division. Bacteria do not have male and female individuals. If there were favorable conditions and enough food, bacteria would multiply continuously. A bacterium consists of a single cell, which looks more like a plant cell than an animal cell. It is surrounded by a coating, or "membrane", that does not allow water to pass through. Inside the bacterium is a substance called "protoplasm", but there is no single center, or nucleus. The outer shell plays an important role, since any chemical element intended to destroy it must penetrate the membrane. The bacterium is covered with a mucous membrane, which changes its shape, sometimes forming fibrous processes - "flagella". Bacteria are able to move, although they do not have limbs. Some move with the help of the movement of flagella, others - by contracting the cell itself, like worms. As we already know, bacteria are sources of infectious diseases. But some types of bacteria are beneficial to humans.
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