How did fascism arise in Italy? Detailed answer

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How did fascism arise in Italy? Detailed answer

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How did fascism arise in Italy?

Italy was the birthplace of fascism. It arose on Italian soil in the difficult post-war years and was the product and reflection of the complex and painful processes that were then taking place in this country. Fascist organizations began to emerge in Italy in the spring of 1919. The leader of this movement was Benito Mussolini, a former socialist expelled from the party in 1914 for disagreeing with its anti-war platform. Until 1921 it was a movement, not a political party. There was no clear program for its participants yet. They exploited the emotions that then dominated Italian society - disappointment and discontent. And hence the thirst for change, which the Nazis promised.

Mussolini's numerous speeches lavishly promised to ensure the greatness of the nation, and his own government and democracy as a whole were bitterly criticized for its failure to defend the interests of the nation.

Fascist organizations not only propagated their ideas, they created "self-defense units", which were usually called blackshirts. They were used to intimidate opponents of the Nazis. The fierce anti-communism of the Nazis began to attract the sympathy of those in power, who were seriously concerned about the growth of the influence of leftist forces. Using the political instability characteristic of Italy in the early 1920s, the Nazis began to openly claim power, claiming that only they were able to restore order in the country. To this end, in 1921 they transformed their movement into a party.

At the end of 1922, the fascists made demands to the government regarding the provision of a number of key administrative posts to them and declared that, in case of refusal, they would launch a mass campaign of their supporters against Rome. The situation escalated to the limit. The government resigned because King Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree declaring a state of emergency in the country.

Instead, he invited Mussolini to Rome and invited him to head the government. On November 30, 1922, the participants in the fascist march on Rome entered the capital, and on the same day Mussolini headed the government, which at first had a coalition character.

The government of B. Mussolini immediately began to expand its own powers. In 1923, an electoral reform was carried out that was beneficial to the ruling party. The Grand Fascist Council, headed by B. Mussolini, carried out the development of legislative initiatives. The fascist armed detachments (blackshirts) acquired the status of a state institution, personally subordinate to Mussolini.

Since 1923, the persecution of dissidents began. Those who did not agree with the policy of the fascist party were fired from their jobs.

One of the most popular critics of fascism was the member of parliament, the well-known journalist Giacomo Matteotti. He was killed by fascist mercenaries. This event shook all of Italy. A wave of mass demonstrations swept across the country demanding the resignation of the government and the punishment of the murderers. But the anti-fascist forces failed to create a strong bloc of resistance to fascism. This allowed B. Mussolini to take revenge. In 1926, a series of laws were passed that banned all legal anti-fascist activity: all parties except the fascist were subject to dissolution, opposition newspapers were closed, and prominent representatives of the anti-fascist movement were arrested. In 1928, the supreme legislative power was finally transferred to the Great Fascist Council.

The economic crisis of 1929-1933 affected Italy. In many leading Western countries, state levers of influence on the economic life of the country were strengthened. In Italy, the fascist dictatorship offered its own methods for solving this problem. The main institution of state regulation was production corporations, with the help of which it was planned not only to regulate the economy, they were also supposed to personify the "monolithic unity" of the nation.

In the future, Mussolini began to lean towards the idea of the need to intensify external expansion, in which he saw a chance to overcome internal difficulties.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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Lotus has decided to make its latest hypercar not only fully electric, but incredibly powerful. The Evija is the company's first car with an electrified powertrain, and it has an incredible 1973 hp.

For Lotus, the car represents a new beginning. CEO Phil Popham said the Evija "will restore our brand to the hearts and minds of sports car enthusiasts." But fans of sports cars, according to Lotus, should be very wealthy, since for an electric powerful hypercar you will have to pay 1,7 million (more than $2,1 million at the current rate). In total, it is planned to produce 130 such cars, their sales will begin in 2020.

The design of the Evija was inspired by the rock formations "carved by nature over the centuries" and Le Mans racing cars. The car does not have traditional side mirrors, which has reduced air resistance and optimized downforce. Instead, they use cameras integrated into the front fenders.

Thanks to its high power and excellent aerodynamics, the Lotus Evija electric car is capable of accelerating to 62 miles per hour (100 km/h) in less than 3 seconds, reaching 9 miles per hour (187 km/s) in 300 seconds after the start, and a top speed is over 200 miles per hour (322 km/h). In comparison, the new Tesla Roadster, according to the company, will be able to accelerate to 60 miles per hour (97 km / h) in just 1,9 seconds and reach a maximum speed of 250 miles per hour (402 km / h) in 9 seconds.

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Another impressive feature of the Lotus Evija hypercar is its claimed charging speed. Using an 800 kW charger (which is not yet commercially available), the battery of an electric vehicle can be fully charged in just 9 minutes. When using currently available commercial chargers (the most powerful - 350 kW), you can completely replenish the energy reserve in the battery in 18 minutes. At the same time, the range when tested in accordance with the methodology of the New European Driving Cycle Combined Cycle is 270 miles (435 km).

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