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What is unique about Japanese capitalism? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What is unique about Japanese capitalism? Until the nineteenth century Japan remained out of reach for Europeans. The situation changed by the middle of the century. In 1854, the American squadron, under the threat of cannons, forced the Japanese rulers to "open" the country. Following the United States, other European countries were admitted to Japan. Japan was emerging from an era of isolation. Foreign goods poured into the Japanese market, undermining traditional forms of management. This worsened the life of not only ordinary peasants and artisans, but also merchants and princes. Slogans aimed at expelling foreigners became popular. In 1868, a revolutionary coup took place in Japan, as a result of which power passed into the hands of the 15-year-old Emperor Mutsuhito. He was crowned Emperor Meiji (enlightened rule). This event went down in history as the Meiji Revolution. This coup was revolutionary not only in form, but above all in content: this event gave impetus to reforms that radically transformed the country. The imperial court moved to Edo, soon renamed Tokyo. Japan has entered an era of modernization. The government faced a difficult task: it had to adopt Western experience so as not to lose its national face. The agrarian reform was the first to be carried out in a traditional society, establishing private ownership of land and allowing its purchase and sale. The administrative reform destroyed the power of the princes. The country was divided into provinces and prefectures, headed by officials appointed by the government. Military reform introduced universal military service in Japan. The new army, created according to the European model, has acquired a high combat capability. A judicial reform was also carried out in the country, estates were abolished. The financial reform introduced a single monetary unit - the yen. In 1889, the country's constitution was published on behalf of the emperor, in which the emperor retained vast rights to govern the country. The country's parliament was bicameral. The country began the process of creating political parties. The reforms opened up space for private enterprise. The construction of industrial enterprises and transport infrastructure began in the country. But since there was little private capital in Japan and there was no experience of modern entrepreneurial activity, the state had to actively intervene in the economy. By order of the emperor, "exemplary" factories were built at the expense of the treasury, which were then sold or leased on preferential terms to commercial and industrial firms close to the imperial environment. Japan gradually turned into an industrial power. This was facilitated by the traditional inclination of the Japanese to useful borrowings, the lack of contempt for foreign culture. Much attention in the country during this period was given to education. Japanese youth got the opportunity to study in Europe and the USA. Foreign experts were invited to Japan. The main ideological system in the country remained the traditional religion - Shintoism. Within its framework, patriotism and devotion to the emperor were especially valued. Gradually, within the framework of Shintoism, ideas began to spread about the exclusive mission of Japan, which was to unite all the countries of Asia in order to successfully resist the advance of the West in this region. By the 1890s Japan moved to active actions to subjugate its influence to neighboring states. Japan was particularly attracted to Korea and Manchuria. Japan's expansionist plans were successful. Japan succeeded in subjugating Korea, winning the war with China, as a result of which the island of Taiwan went to Japan. In the Far East, relations between Japan and Russia became especially acute. As a result of Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Japan received South Sakhalin, the fortress of Port Arthur, established its dominance in South Manchuria. Later, Japan and Russia entered into a series of agreements on the division of spheres of influence in China. This weakened the Russo-Japanese contradictions, but intensified the contradictions between Japan and England and the USA. In the future, the aggressive plans of the ruling circles will lead the country to participate in the First World War. Author: Irina Tkachenko
When did the yellow jersey appear in cycling? Since 1919, on June 20 of this year, the French rider Eugene was the first to touch the finish line. Yellow was chosen for the jersey, as L'Auto, the founding newspaper of the Tour de France, was printed on yellow paper.
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