How was the “Viennese system” created and how was the Holy Alliance formed? Detailed answer

BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Free library / Directory / Big encyclopedia for children and adults

How was the “Viennese system” created and how was the Holy Alliance formed? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education

Did you know?

How was the “Viennese system” created and how was the Holy Alliance formed?

After the defeat of Napoleon, the European states strove for a stable and lasting peace. However, guarantees were needed that would securely fix the new world order and make it possible to avoid new military clashes.

Among the leaders of European states, the idea of convening an all-European congress has matured, where problems of post-war settlement in Europe could be discussed.

The congress opened at the end of 1814 in Vienna and lasted until July 1815. In the course of complex discussions, the congress participants managed to agree on general principles on which the future model of international relations could be built.

Firstly, it was decided to create a barrier around France, which could isolate her if the situation worsened. Secondly, it was decided that all members of the anti-French coalition should be compensated for their participation in the fight against Napoleon. Thirdly, the European states agreed to maintain the balance of power that had developed after the defeat of Napoleon.

On the basis of these general principles, concrete questions of post-war settlement were decided. So, France was deprived of all the conquered territories, and its borders returned to the borders of 1790. Austria regained Lombardy, received Venice. The Rhineland, Pomerania and Northern Saxony joined Prussia. England expanded its colonial empire. Russia received part of the Duchy of Warsaw, and its early acquisitions - Bessarabia and Finland - were also recognized. The territory of modern Belgium was included in the Netherlands. Schleswig and Holstein went to Denmark. The Papal States and the Kingdom of Neopolitan were restored. The possessions of the Sardinian kingdom expanded somewhat. The union of Sweden and Norway was sanctioned.

In addition to territorial issues, a number of economic and diplomatic issues were considered at the Congress of Vienna.

A special place at the Congress was occupied by the problem associated with the proposal of the Russian emperor to create the Holy Alliance - an organization of monarchical states to protect Europe from revolutionary ideas.

The model of international relations created in Vienna had both strengths and weaknesses. She proved to be quite stable and stable. The mechanism of international relations created in Vienna made it possible to develop solutions on the basis of which the settlement of disputed issues was achieved. But the organizers of the Vienna system took little account of the influence of the ideas of the French Revolution on European civilization. The principle of maintaining a balance of power in Europe increasingly came into conflict with the liberal idea, with the growth of national self-awareness. The Vienna system, having become stable, turned out to be static. But in any system, changes occur, new factors appear that undermine the foundations of the system.

In the colonies of the leading European powers, actions began that led to the undermining of the capabilities of the colonial empires. Revolutions broke out in European states. All this undermined the possibilities of the Vienna system, threatened to draw Europe into a new series of wars.

New problems were generated by the industrial revolution, the solution of which depended on the internal stability of European states, and, consequently, their ability to influence the international situation.

In the middle of the XIX century. another wave of revolutionary uprisings swept through Europe, giving rise to a whole series of new conflicts in the sphere of international relations. The issues of German unification and state building in Italy became more acute. This meant that the period of sustainable development of the Vienna system was coming to an end.

In 1853 another aggravation of the Eastern Question took place. Russia stepped up support for the Orthodox peoples that were part of the Ottoman Empire. Supported by England and France, the Turkish Sultan decided to go to war with Russia. Thus, in Europe there was a clash of three great powers.

The war, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1856, was an important milestone in the process of restructuring the Vienna system. The weakening of Russia upset the pan-European balance of power. This narrowed the possibilities of the Vienna system in maintaining stability on the continent.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What object meant to be destroyed turned into 100 indestructible?

In 1923, the American artist Man Ray created the work "Object Destined for Destruction". It was an ordinary metronome, on the pendulum of which was attached a piece of a photograph of a woman's eye. In 1957, a group of Parisian students broke into the building where this object was exhibited, seized it, and already on the street one of the thieves shot him with a pistol. Man Ray received insurance for this destruction and created 100 replicas, each of which was named "Indestructible Object". They can be seen in various museums and private collections.

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ When did you start cooking?

▪ What remains of the ancient temple of Jerusalem?

▪ Which actress named the effect where attempting to remove information causes it to spread more?

See other articles Section Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Dry ice vs fog 16.05.2000

Dry ice powder has long been used to disperse clouds, and now German meteorologists are trying to use it to disperse fog on the ground.

Last November, fine grains of dry ice were sprayed on an airfield shrouded in dense fog near the city of Cottbus. At first, visibility only worsened. But a minute later, small ice crystals hung in the air, which soon fell to the ground. After four minutes, the fog within a radius of 50 meters completely disappeared.

A larger-scale experiment of this kind is being prepared this year.

Other interesting news:

▪ Drones against coronavirus

▪ New window glass is healthier

▪ Revealed the secret of dog friendliness

▪ Dell Latitude 2100 Education Netbook

▪ Electric car acceleration record set

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Car. Article selection

▪ article Economics of the firm. Lecture notes

▪ What did the Reformation lead to in Germany? Detailed answer

▪ Article shift manager. Job description

▪ article Maintenance of coolant temperature. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Nokia cell phone pinout. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews