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How did literature and art develop during the developed Middle Ages? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did literature and art develop during the developed Middle Ages? The culture of the Middle Ages created new artistic styles, a new urban way of life, a new economy, prepared the consciousness of people for the use mechanical devices and equipment. The medieval era left many achievements of spiritual culture. The activation of cultural life in the Middle Ages is associated with the emergence and growth cities. The range of spiritual needs and interests among the townspeople was constantly increasing. In cities, the sphere of secular education began to actively develop - schools and universities. In this intellectual atmosphere the Latin language flourishes literature with pronounced secular tendencies: adventure literature, epistolary works, city chronicles. A special place in this literature is occupied by the creativity of vagants (wandering students). Vagantes were associated with the traditions of Latin poetry, borrowed from her images and poetic rhythms. But the vagantes also turned to folklore, translating Latin to folk songs, preaching a life-affirming attitude towards existence. From the XNUMXth century. in the countries of Western Europe, national literary languages. During this period, heroic poetry was written in popular languages. an epic that previously existed only in oral presentation. The most significant work of heroic epic in France is “The Song of Roland". It has a powerful patriotic theme. The largest monument The German heroic epic is "The Song of the Nibelungs". With the completion of the formation of the estates of feudal society, the ideology of chivalry, which is reflected, in particular, in the knightly literature. This literature was distinguished by its secular character and was alien ascetic morality. This literature manifested itself most clearly in poetry, called courtly (court). It developed by troubadours in Southern France, trouvères in Northern France, minnesirgers in Germany and minstrels in England. Courtly poetry was a model of love lyrics. In the development of secular and realistic motifs in medieval culture, great Urban literature played a role. The genre of realistic art emerges in cities poetic short story, urban satirical epic. His largest monument was the "Romance of the Fox", which took shape in France over many decades and translated into many European languages. Another outstanding work urban literature is the allegorical poem "The Romance of the Rose", written in France in the XNUMXth century. The largest poet in the XNUMXth century. there was an Englishman D. Chaucer. His best work The Canterbury Tales, a collection of poetic short stories, paints a vivid picture England at that time. In France in the XNUMXth century. The poetry of F. Villon stands out. Deep interest in a person and his experiences allows us to classify F. Villon as forerunners of the Renaissance in France. Originating in Italy, the ideas of the Renaissance became widespread in culture of Western Europe. But here is a Renaissance in relation to Italian was a century late. The literature of the early Renaissance is characterized by a short story, especially a comic one, with anti-feudal orientation, glorifying the enterprising and free from prejudice personality. The High Renaissance was marked by the flowering of heroic poems. The original epic of this time was the work of F. Rabelais "Gargantua and Pantagruel". In the late Renaissance, characterized by a crisis of concept humanism and awareness of the prosaic nature of the emerging bourgeois society, The pastoral genres of novel and drama developed. The high point of this era was dramas by W. Shakespeare and novels by M. Cervantes, based on tragic or tragicomic conflicts between a heroic person and an unworthy person system of social life. In pictorial art, the founder of Renaissance ideas is German artist A. Durer. He worked in different genres. But he most distinguished himself in genre of portrait. One of the most profound paintings of the portrait genre, in which A. Dürer summed up his views on man in the diptych "The Four Apostles". Representatives of the fine arts of the Renaissance in France were painters J. Fouquet, F. Clouet, in Spain D. Velazquez, in Holland - a genius Rembrandt. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Why is gold considered a precious metal? Throughout human history, gold has been considered a precious metal. Perhaps it was the first metal that man met. One of the reasons why primitive man paid attention to gold could be that gold is found in nature without impurities, that is, it can be found in the form of small nuggets, without the addition of other metals and minerals. Gold has a yellowish tint, so even in ancient times, people sought to get it for making jewelry. The importance of gold increased when man realized that gold is very easy to work with. It is very easy to turn a gold nugget into a thin plate that can be bent without breaking. That is, already in antiquity, people could give the metal any desired shape. For example, at one time, hoops were made from it, which held the hair. From here went crowns and diadems made of gold. In the ground, gold reserves are extremely limited. And people who did not have their own gold began to offer their goods in exchange for gold. So gold became a measure of exchange. Other items were short-lived, and gold lasts a very long time. Gold also became a measure of the value of a commodity. After many hundreds of years, money began to be made from gold, which determined the significance and value of this metal. Later, bankers began to store gold in safes, and on demand to present the gold, they issued written documents-collateral. Given this practice, governments began to issue currency, or money, which is just a document - an obligation to pay a certain amount of gold on demand. By the way, about half of all the gold mined in the world belongs to the US Department of the Treasury!
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