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What is the culture of the Renaissance in Italy (its most important achievements in the field of culture and art)? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What is the culture of the Renaissance in Italy (its most important achievements in the field of culture and art)? The culture of the Renaissance was not the property of Italy alone, but it originated in Italy, and the path of its development was exceptionally consistent. Italian Renaissance art went through several stages. Chronologically, the Italian Renaissance is divided into: Proto-Renaissance (Pre-Renaissance) - the second half of the XNUMXth - XNUMXth centuries; early Renaissance - XV century; High Renaissance - the end of the XNUMXth - the first third of the XNUMXth centuries; late Renaissance - the end of the sixteenth century. The main type of spiritual activity of the Renaissance was art. It became for the people of the Renaissance what religion was in the Middle Ages, in modern times science and technology. Not without reason, in the Renaissance, the idea was defended that the ideal person should be an artist. A work of art most fully expressed both the ideal of a harmoniously organized world and the place of man in it. All forms of art were subordinated to this task to varying degrees. The aesthetic and artistic ideal was most fully expressed by sculpture and painting. And it is no coincidence. The art of the Renaissance sought to cognize and display the real world, its beauty, wealth, diversity. And painting in this regard had more opportunities than other arts. The thirst for knowledge, which so distinguished the personality of the Renaissance, first of all resulted in the form of artistic knowledge. The art of that time solved many problems. A new system of artistic vision of the world was developed. Renaissance artists developed the principles, discovered the laws of direct linear perspective. The creators of the theory of perspective were Brunelleschi, Masaccio, Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci. The discovery of perspective was of great importance: it helped to expand the range of depicted phenomena, to include space, landscape, and architecture in painting. Florence, the most advanced city-state of Italy of the Late Middle Ages, is considered the birthplace of Renaissance art. The first to take a decisive step towards a new type of art was the Florentine painter Giotto di Bondone, who outlined the path along which its development went: the growth of realistic moments, the filling of religious forms with secular content, the gradual transition from flat images to three-dimensional ones. The largest masters of the early Renaissance were F. Brunellesco, Donatelo, Verrocchio, Masaccio, S. Botticelli and others. These masters strove for monumentality, the creation of heroic images. However, they were limited mainly to a linear perspective and hardly noticed the air environment. In the High Renaissance, geometrism does not end, but deepens. But something new is added to it: spirituality, psychologism, the desire to convey the inner world of a person. An aerial perspective is being developed, the materiality of forms is achieved not only by volume and plasticity, but also by chiaroscuro. The art of the High Renaissance was most fully expressed by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo. They personified the main values of the Renaissance: intelligence, harmony and power. It is no coincidence that they are called the titans of the Renaissance, meaning their versatility. Leonardo da Vinci was not only an artist, but also a talented sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, inventor, mathematician, and anatomist. Another great master Michelangelo Buonarroti combined the gift of a brilliant sculptor, painter and architect. In addition, he was one of the great Italian poets of his time. Rafael Santi was also extremely versatile. He was one of the best portrait painters of the Renaissance. The term "Late Renaissance" is applied to the Venetian Renaissance. Venice has long maintained close trade ties with Byzantium, the Arab East, traded with India. Having reworked Gothic and oriental traditions, Venice has developed its own special style, which is characterized by colorful, romantic painting. For the Venetians, color problems come to the fore, the materiality of the image is achieved by color gradations. The largest Venetian masters are Giorgione, Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What animals warned soldiers about a gas attack? During the First World War, cats were kept in the trenches to provide early warning of a gas attack. And during the Second World War, they were taken aboard submarines as living air quality detectors.
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