Methods of providing first aid to the victim. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
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Methods of providing first aid to the victim. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Providing first aid to the injured

Methods first aid depend on the condition of the victim. Signs by which you can quickly determine the state of health of the victim are as follows:

consciousness: clear, absent, impaired (the victim is inhibited or agitated);
color of the skin and visible mucous membranes (lips, eyes): pink, cyanotic, pale;
breathing: normal, absent, disturbed (irregular, superficial, wheezing);
pulse on the carotid arteries: well defined (rhythm correct or incorrect), poorly defined, absent;
pupils: dilated, constricted.

With certain skills, self-control, the person providing assistance in a minute must assess the condition of the victim and decide how much and how to help him.

Absence of consciousnesses the victim is determined visually. To finally verify this, you should contact the victim with a question about well-being.

Skin color and breath (by lifting and lowering the chest) is also evaluated visually. Do not waste precious time putting mirrors and shiny metal objects to your mouth and nose.

For pulse detection on the carotid artery, fingers are placed on the Adam's apple (trachea) of the victim and, moving them slightly to the side, feel the neck from the side (Fig. 17).

Ways to provide first aid to the victim
Rice. 17. The correct position of the hands during external cardiac massage and determining the pulse on the carotid artery (dotted line)

pupil width with eyes closed, it is determined as follows: the pads of the index fingers are placed on the upper eyelids of both eyes and, slightly pressing them against the eyeball, are lifted up. At the same time, the palpebral fissure opens and a rounded iris is visible on a white background, and in the center of it there are rounded black pupils, the state of which (narrowed or dilated) is assessed by the area of the iris that they occupy.

The degree of impaired consciousness, the color of the skin and the state of breathing can be assessed simultaneously with the probing of the pulse, which takes no more than a minute. Inspection of the pupils can be carried out in a few seconds.

In the absence of visible severe injuries on the body of the victim after the passage of an electric current through him or exposure to other dangerous factors, the victim should not be allowed to move, and even more so continue to work, since the possibility of a sudden subsequent deterioration in his health is not excluded. Only a doctor can decide on the state of health of the victim.

When struck by lightning, it is impossible to bury the victim in the ground, this will only bring harm and lead to the loss of precious minutes for his salvation.

If the victim in the mind (and before that he was in a faint or was in an unconscious state, but with a stable breathing and pulse), he should be laid on a bedding, for example, from clothes; unfasten clothing that restricts breathing; create an influx of fresh air; warm the body if it is cold; provide coolness if it's hot; create complete peace by continuously monitoring the pulse and breathing; remove unnecessary people; give to drink an aqueous solution of valerian tincture (20 drops).

If the victim is unconscious, it is necessary to observe his breathing and in case of respiratory failure due to the retraction of the tongue, push the lower jaw forward. To do this, with four fingers of both hands, they grab the lower jaw from behind at the corners and, resting their thumbs on its edge below the corners of the mouth, pull it back and push it forward so that the lower teeth stand in front of the upper ones (Fig. 18).

Ways to provide first aid to the victim
Rice. 18. Lower jaw thrust with two hands

It should be maintained in this position until the sinking of the tongue stops. The victim, who is in an unconscious state, should be allowed to smell ammonia, spray his face with cold water.

If the victim vomits, it is necessary to turn his head and shoulders to the side (preferably to the left) to remove the vomit.

If the victim breathes very rarely and convulsively, but his pulse is felt, it is necessary to immediately start artificial respiration. It is not necessary that during artificial respiration the victim was in a horizontal position. It is necessary to start artificial respiration immediately after the release of the victim from the influence of dangerous and harmful factors, as well as during the descent from the support, removal from the danger zone, etc.

If the victim has no consciousness, breathing, pulse, the skin is cyanotic, and the pupils are dilated, you should immediately begin to restore the vital functions of the body by performing artificial respiration and external heart massage.

The complex of these measures is called resuscitation (i.e., revival), and the measures are called resuscitation.

You should not undress the victim, wasting precious seconds on this. It must be remembered that attempts at resuscitation are effective only in cases where no more than 4 minutes have passed since the moment of cardiac arrest, so first aid should be provided immediately and, if possible, at the scene.

It is impossible to refuse to help the victim and consider him dead in the absence of such signs of life as breathing or pulse. Only medical personnel have the right to make a conclusion about the death of the victim.

Having begun to revive, you should take care of calling a doctor or an ambulance. This should be done by someone who is not helping, who cannot interrupt the provision of help, but by someone else.

It is required to note the time of respiratory arrest and blood circulation in the victim, the time of the start of artificial respiration and external heart massage, as well as the duration of resuscitation and report this information to the arriving medical personnel.

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