What was the humanistic ideology of the Renaissance, its main features and social origins? Detailed answer

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What was the humanistic ideology of the Renaissance, its main features and social origins? Detailed answer

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What was the humanistic ideology of the Renaissance, its main features and social origins?

From the second half of the fourteenth century. in the cultural life of medieval Europe there is an important turning point associated with the emergence of a new early bourgeois ideology and culture.

Since early capitalist relations originated and began to develop primarily in Italy, an early bourgeois culture began to take shape in this country, which was called the "Renaissance". It reached its full bloom by the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth centuries.

The term "Renaissance" (often used in the French form - "Renaissance") was first used by the Italian artist G. Vasari.

The ideological content of the Renaissance culture is usually denoted by the term "humanism", which comes from the word "humanitas" - human. The term "humanists" originated in the sixteenth century. But already in the fifteenth century. Renaissance figures used the word humanitas to refer to their culture, denoting education, moreover, secular. Secular sciences (studia humana) were opposed to ecclesiastical sciences (studia divina).

The ideology of humanism carried a new attitude towards the world and man himself. Contrary to the dominant teaching of the Church in previous centuries about earthly life as sinful and joyless, humanists discovered the multi-colored world of reality in all its living and concrete diversity. They created the ideal of a man greedily striving for the blessings of life.

An important feature of the ideology of humanism was individualism. Humanists put the human being at the center of attention. They show a passionate interest in the inner world of a person, in the individual originality of his feelings and experiences, in their subtlest shades. Humanism proclaimed the greatness of man, the power of his mind, his ability to improve.

The individualism of the humanists had a progressive anti-feudal sound. At the same time, this worldview concealed in itself a propensity for such an affirmation of the personality, for which the desire to satisfy needs became an end in itself. The absolutization of individualism opened the way to the pursuit of pleasure without any restrictions. In addition, the ideal of the development of the individual personality put forward by the humanists had in mind only a select few and did not extend to the broad masses.

Humanists showed great interest in the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome. In this culture, they were attracted by its secular nature, life-affirming orientation. She opened the world of beauty to humanists and had a huge impact on all areas of Renaissance art.

The admiration for ancient culture manifested itself most strongly in Italy. The humanists perceived the history of Rome as their national past. Here, in Italy, in Florence in the middle of the fifteenth century. The Platonic Academy was founded, headed by Marcio Ficino, which satisfied the interest of lovers of ancient philosophy.

Humanists returned to Europe the ancient heritage lost in the Middle Ages. They searched for ancient manuscripts and published them.

The humanists were also interested in the problems of ethics. They were concerned about the issues of human behavior in society, the goal that a person should set for himself in his activities, since the new ideology meant a reassessment of all human actions.

The creators of the humanistic ideology were scientists, doctors, lawyers, teachers, artists, sculptors, architects, writers, etc. They made up a new social stratum - the intelligentsia. This category of people engaged in mental work played a big role in the social life of that time. Invention in the middle of the fifteenth century. book printing made the works of the humanists accessible to a wider circle of educated people and contributed to the strengthening of the influence of the ideas of the Renaissance. New ideas, embodied in the images of literature and art, had a special power of influence.

The cornerstone of a new worldview is laid by Dante Alighieri. His "Divine Comedy" became the first hymn to the dignity of man. This position was developed by F. Petrarch, a philosopher and brilliant poet, who is considered the founder of the humanist movement in Italy. The names of such humanists as D. Manetti, L. Valla, Pico della Mirandola, L. Bruni, C. Salutati, P. Bracciolini and others are also widely known.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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