What was the result of the Reformation in England? Detailed answer

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What was the result of the Reformation in England? Detailed answer

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What was the result of the Reformation in England?

The English Reformation, due to the same reasons as in other countries, at the same time had its own important features. If everywhere the political and social orientation towards a break with Rome manifested itself at the final stage of the Reformation, then in England it became obvious from the very beginning - here the Reformation began with a state political action.

The English Reformation was at first royal with a hostile attitude towards it from the masses, then it turned into a bourgeois-noble movement, expressing the dissatisfaction of these classes with the nature of the changes that had taken place, and, finally, gave rise to a broad popular movement with a pronounced socio-political orientation.

Henry VIII Tudor initiated the Reformation. The conflict with Rome began with the speech of the English king against the annates (collection in favor of the Catholic Church from persons who received a vacant church position). Initially, this fee was equal to the annual income from this position.

The struggle against the annates united all sections of English society. In 1532 a law was passed refusing to pay the annates to the papal treasury.

Some historians believe that the reason for the king's break with Rome was a purely personal matter. The king was determined to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon. But the divorce became a favorable occasion for breaking with Rome. The Pope refused to divorce the king and did not legalize the second marriage of Henry VIII with Anne Boleyn. When Henry divorced, threats of excommunication rained down from Rome. And then in 1534 the king issues an act of supremacy (supremacy). This was the beginning of the English Reformation. By this act, the king became the head of the national church. Recognition of the legality of the act of supremacy was mandatory for all subjects of the kingdom. Refusal of it was regarded as high treason and punishable by death.

The decisive actions of the king led to the fact that Rome excommunicated him from the church. The secularization of church lands further alienated the king from Rome.

The decisive actions of the royal administration led to a split in the English aristocracy. Part of it (North, West and Ireland) organized the Catholic Party - the League of the North. Catholics in England strengthened their position during the reign of Mary Tudor, a supporter of Catholicism. In order to strengthen her position, she decided to rely on Spain and become engaged to the Spanish king Philip II. Having married the English queen, he began to strive to seize all power in England. But this was opposed by the English lords. Then Mary Tudor begins terror against the reformers. The Pope forgives rebellious England. But, fighting the Reformation, the British government did not cancel the secularization of church lands. The queen was afraid to take this measure, as she could face active resistance from the new nobility - the gentry. And these fears were not unfounded. In the middle of the XVI century. a wave of anti-Catholic unrest swept through England, in which the townspeople and gentry participated.

In 1558, after the death of Mary Tudor, Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, became Queen of England. The new queen enjoyed the support of the bourgeois strata. Elizabeth I canceled all counter-reformation acts of Mary Tudor and continued the work of her father Henry VIII. In 1571, the "39 Articles of the Creed" were adopted, they completed the Reformation in the country and approved the new Anglican Church. It retained Catholic features and affirmed Protestant ones.

The church was personally subordinate to the royal authority, which helped Elizabeth in her fight against Catholicism in the country. The decisive measures of the queen led to the intensification of the actions of the League of the North. The Catholics relied on the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart, whom they sought to put on the English throne.

Elizabeth I had to fight not only with the Catholic opposition, but also with the English Calvinists, whose social base was the commercial bourgeoisie. The appearance of opposition in the person of the Calvinists testified to the beginning of the crisis of English absolutism. Cracks appeared in the former alliance between the royal power and the early bourgeoisie, which, as they grow, will cause a confrontation in 1640.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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