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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
How did the formation of centralized states take place in Western Europe? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did the formation of centralized states take place in Western Europe? Political unification of European countries, in particular England and France, occurred over a long period and was accompanied by wars, like internecine, within these countries, and between England and France. The heaviest and the long war between them was the Hundred Years' War, which began in 1337. and ended in 1453. This war took place on the territory of France, where England had their possessions in the southwestern part of France and in the north - the port city of Calais on coast of the English Channel. During the bloody wars, France was united under the rule of the king with simultaneous liberation of territories captured by the British. Final the victory over feudal fragmentation in France is associated with the name of the king Louis XI. The most dangerous rival of Louis XI and the main obstacle on the way the creation of a strong centralized state was the Duchy of Burgundy - the last major seigneurial estate in France. Its rulers often acted independently of the king. The subjugation of this duchy led to completion of the process of unification of France. By the end of the reign of Louis XI only the port city of Calais and the Duchy of Brittany remained outside the king's possessions. By the end of the XNUMXth century. in France, thanks to the firm royal power, the unification was completed many previously separate regions into one country, state. Population with these times, people begin to consider themselves French, and common for the whole country develops French language and French culture. The situation in England after the defeat in the Hundred Years' War was in many ways reminiscent of the situation in France at the beginning of the 1455th century. During the reign of King Henry VI of England found itself at the mercy of rival noble families. It's a rivalry resulted in the Thirty Years of Civil War (1485-1485). This war got the name of the War of the Scarlet and White Roses, according to the images on the coats of arms of the opponents. IN As a result of the long war, many representatives of the English dynasties died and of the most noble families. She cleared the way for the restoration of strong power under the new king, Henry VII Tudor, who came to power in XNUMX. As for other state formations of Western Europe - Germany and Italy, then they are in the X-XI centuries. were united into one state - the Holy Roman empire. It was ruled by German emperors, who were crowned in Rome by the head Catholic Church - the Pope. During a long period of internecine wars, this The empire broke up into many independent principalities, kingdoms, city-republics and the Papal States. After the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, there was no strong government in Germany. Behind There was a constant struggle for the throne; power did not always pass from father to son. IN Germany did not have a single capital, a single government, or a single monetary system. In the middle of the XNUMXth century. Charles IV became the next king and head of Germany. From his his father, he also inherited the Czech crown. But he failed to unite the country, Moreover, he recognized the independence of the princes and their right to war among themselves. In Italy, after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, many independent, independent small states - city-republics, kingdoms and Papal States centered on Rome. In the XIV-XV centuries. Venice, Genoa, Florence, Milan experienced rapid prosperity, Bologna, Pisa, Siena. The main role in these city-states was played by merchants and artisans. The most numerous were the communities of artisans and merchants - workshops and guilds. It was in these areas that the active accumulation of wealth took place, capital. Many Italian cities were centers of science and culture. In Padua, Pisa, Bologna, Florence, Siena, Rome and other cities were founded universities. The Italian city-states were governed by councils of the rich and noble townspeople Kings ruled only in the kingdom of Sicily and Naples kingdom in southern Italy. The city-states protected their independence with with the help of special military units. Many Italian city-states became centers of Renaissance culture. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How much water is on earth? The total mass of the earth's hydrosphere is 1,54 quintillion (billion billion) tons. If you collect all the water from the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds and swamps of the Earth into one mass, you would get a "drop" with a diameter of about 1400 kilometers.
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