What were the economic foundations and forms of organization? Detailed answer

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What were the economic foundations and forms of organization? Detailed answer

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What were the economic foundations and forms of organization?

A characteristic feature of medieval craft in Western Europe was its guild organization - the unification of artisans of a certain profession within a given city into special unions - guilds, craft guilds. The guilds appeared simultaneously with the cities themselves in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. The final registration of the guilds (receipt of special charters from kings and other lords, drawing up and recording of guild charters) occurred later.

The number of workshops increased with the growth of the division of labor. In most cities, belonging to a guild was a prerequisite for engaging in a craft, that is, a guild monopoly was established for this type of craft. This eliminated the possibility of competition on the part of artisans who were not part of the guild, which, in the conditions of a narrow market and insignificant demand, was dangerous for manufacturers.

The main function of the workshops was to establish control over the production and sale of handicrafts. The members of the workshop were interested in ensuring that their products were sold. Therefore, in the shop organization, the process of producing products of a certain type and quality was regulated. The guilds, despite the fact that they limited competition, played a progressive role, contributed to the improvement of tools and handicraft skills.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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High-energy lasers have enormous military potential and can fundamentally change the tactics of warfare. But today, lasers have serious drawbacks: large dimensions and weight, low radiation power with high energy consumption. In addition, fluctuations in the atmosphere, dust, smoke, etc. affect the "killing power" of the laser. In addition, as the distance to the target increases, the size of the laser spot also increases. As a result, it is required to increase the exposure time or the beam power accordingly.

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