Why are lizards that reproduce by parthenogenesis still involved in mating games? Detailed answer

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Why are lizards that reproduce by parthenogenesis still involved in mating games? Detailed answer

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Why are lizards that reproduce by parthenogenesis still involved in mating games?

Many species of lizards are able to reproduce through parthenogenesis, that is, without the participation of a male. Parthenogenesis is best studied in the lizard population Cnemidophorus neomexicanus. Despite the complete absence of males among them, reptiles are still involved in mating rituals. Immediately after laying eggs, the female maintains elevated progesterone levels, which encourages her to play the role of a male, climbing on other females whose laying is yet to come. Studies have shown that the productivity of lizards after such "mating" due to the release of hormones is higher than that of isolated individuals.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What was the largest city in 1500?

The southern part of the Mexican Highlands is considered the historical core of Mexico. When the Spaniards first got there in 1519, they saw a big city. It was the capital of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan, the largest city in the world at that time. At least 300 thousand people lived in the city (for comparison, in London at that time - 200 thousand people).

Tenochtitlan was founded in 1325. The city stood on an island in the center of a large lake, on the banks of which there were smaller cities. The lake was salty, and pipes stretched to the cities, through which water flowed from the neighboring mountains.

The Spaniards destroyed the cities to their very foundations. They filled up both the lake and the canals surrounding the capital. However, it was not the Spaniards who did this, but the Indians themselves, whom the conquerors turned into slaves. On the site of Tenochtitlan, another city grew up - Mexico City.

In modern Mexico City, a huge city, the capital of Mexico, one sixth of all Mexicans live. More than half of all enterprises in the country work here.

In the center of Mexico City, on Constitution Square, there is one of the palaces of the Aztec emperor Montezuma and an Aztec temple in which human sacrifices were made. Both the palace and the temple were restored.

The widest and greenest street in Mexico City is Paseo de la Reforma. This street is a copy of the Champs Elysees in Paris. It stretches for many kilometers and crosses Chapultepec Park, where the Aztecs rested. In the center of the park stands an ancient palace where the Spanish rulers lived.

On the site of another large park, Alameda, there was a market under the Aztecs, and during the time of the Spaniards, a square where heretics were burned. That's what it's called - Burning Square.

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Microphones inspired by insects 09.05.2023

What can an insect hear? Oddly enough, quite a lot. Although they are small and simple, their auditory systems are very effective. For example, with a membrane only 2 millimeters across, the Desert Locust can decompose frequencies comparable to human capabilities. By understanding how insects perceive sound and using 3D printing technology to create special materials, miniature microphones inspired by biotechnology can be designed.

Andrew Reid from the University of Strathclyde in the UK presented his work on microphones that can autonomously collect acoustic data with low power consumption. His presentation "Unnatural Hearing - 3D Printing of Functional Polymers as a Pathway to Biotechnology-Inspired Microphone Design" took place on Wednesday, May 10, as part of the 184th Acoustic Society of America meeting.

"Insect ears are ideal templates for reducing energy and data costs, reducing the size of sensors and eliminating data processing," Reid said.

Reid's team draws inspiration from insect ears in a variety of ways. At the chemical and structural levels, researchers are using 3D printing technology to fabricate special materials that mimic insect membranes. These synthetic membranes are highly sensitive and effective as acoustic sensors. Without 3D printing, traditional silicon microphones lack flexibility and customization.

"In the images, our microphone looks like any other microphone. The mechanical element is a simple diaphragm, perhaps a slightly unusual ellipsoid or rectangular shape," said Reid. "Interesting details occur at the microscale with small variations in thickness and porosity, and at the nanoscale with variations in material properties such as ductility and material density."

More than just material, the entire data collection process is inspired by biological systems. Unlike traditional microphones that collect a range of information, these microphones are designed to detect a specific signal. This simplified process is similar to how nerve endings detect and transmit signals. The specialization of the sensor allows it to quickly recognize triggers without consuming much power or requiring supervision.

Bio-based sensors, with their small size, self-contained function, and low power consumption, are ideal for hazardous or hard-to-reach applications, including locations embedded in structures or inside the human body.

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