Whose clothes had more than 10 buttons sewn on them? Detailed answer

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Whose clothes had more than 10 buttons sewn on them? Detailed answer

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Whose clothes had more than 10 buttons sewn on?

Buttons appeared long before our era, but were used only as decoration. Around the 12th and 13th centuries, buttons were again recognized in Europe, but now they also had a functional meaning of fastening in loops, and not just a decorative one. In the Middle Ages, buttons became such a popular accessory that one could judge the status of the owner by their number on clothes. For example, on one of the outfits of the French king Francis I, there were 13 buttons.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is air?

Air surrounds us on all sides. Every crack, hole, in general, any space that is not occupied by anything else is filled with air. Every time you take a breath, you fill your lungs with air. Despite the fact that you cannot see the air, you cannot taste it or touch it (at least in calm weather), the air is by no means emptiness. Air is part of the matter around us.

Matter can be solid, liquid or gaseous. Air is almost always in a gaseous state. However, air cannot be called a gas, because in reality it consists of a mixture of certain gases. And two of them account for 99 percent of the total air volume. Anywhere on earth, air is 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen.

In addition, it always contains a small amount of carbon dioxide released during the breathing of living beings, including humans. The rest - less than one percent - is occupied by rare gases: argon, helium, krypton, xenon and others. A huge air ocean extends many kilometers up above the Earth's surface. Since air is matter, the earth's gravity holds it near the surface, preventing it from dissolving into outer space. So, although we don't feel it, air has weight. It manifests itself in the pressure that air exerts on our body from all sides.

The same thing would happen to you if you found yourself at the bottom of the sea, with the only difference that you would not be pressed by air, but by water. If you rise above the surface of the Earth, for example, climb a high mountain or take off in an airplane, you will find that as you move away from it, the air pressure decreases. At an altitude of about 13 km, it is 8 times less than above sea level. Well, at an altitude of more than 30 km, it is practically absent.

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Laser cutting of water using hydrophobic particles 17.07.2023

Chinese scientists in the field of materials science have discovered an amazing ability to cut ordinary water using a laser. The study showed that a mixture of water with hydrophobic particles of silicon dioxide (silica) allows you to create a variety of patterns on the surface of the water under the influence of laser radiation, which may be important for the development of microfluidic chips.

Laser material processing is widely used in various industries due to its high accuracy and speed. However, the use of a laser to cut water was difficult due to surface tension, which prevents the necessary pressure for cutting. The water is too fluid, making it difficult to cut. However, the possibility of laser water cutting can be of great importance for the development of microfluidic chips used in biomedicine, biology, analytical chemistry and pharmaceuticals.

Scientists from Xian Jiaotong University, along with colleagues, have found a solution to this problem. They found that adding hydrophobic silica nanoparticles to water allows it to be laser cut using laser light at a wavelength of 10,6 micrometers. Hydrophobic particles change the fluidity of water and its light transmission, which ensures effective absorption of laser radiation and deformation. The heat absorbed by the particles is transferred to the water, causing it to evaporate. Water around moves along with hydrophobic particles, closing the cutting area.

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