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The water was heated to a record temperature

16.05.2018

Scientists from the German research center for particle physics DESY and Uppsala University (Sweden) conducted an experiment on ultra-fast heating of water with an X-ray laser (razer) - and looked to see if the result matches the simulation.

Usually, heating when boiling water consists in transferring kinetic energy to molecules through vibration using convection or heat radiation. But in this case, physicists used a different method, where energy is transferred through ionization by single femtosecond pulses of an X-ray free electron laser. This causes rapid ionization with the appearance of an exotic plasma state known as warm dense matter (WOM).

Warm dense matter (WDM) is the state of aggregation of matter, which, in terms of its parameters, is between a solid body and an ideal plasma. It is too dense to be described as a plasma, and too hot to qualify as condensed matter physics. In other words, it is something between a plasma and a solid. It is much denser than plasma (between 0,01 and 100 g/cm2) and in some cases has a specific gravity twice that of the solid from which it is derived. In general, a kind of Schrödinger substance.

The current experiment to obtain TPR from water was carried out by a group of scientists from the Center for Research on Free Electron Lasers (CFEL) at DESY. Heating of molecules with simultaneous study of the state was carried out using an X-ray free electron laser at the SLAC National Laboratory of Accelerators (USA). Rather carried out extremely intense ultrashort bursts of X-rays of 6,86 keV (more than 106 J/cm2) through a water jet.

In less than 75 femtoseconds, that is, 75 quintillionths of a second, water undergoes a phase transition from liquid to plasma. Plasma is a state of matter in which electrons are removed from atoms, resulting in a kind of electrically charged gas.

"But during the transformation of a liquid into a plasma, water still retains the density of the liquid, since the atoms have not yet had time to move significantly," explains co-author of the experiment Olof Jonsson (Olof Jonsson) from Uppsala University.

Such an exotic state of matter cannot be found in a natural state on Earth: "It has the same characteristics as some plasmas in the Sun and in the gas giant Jupiter, but only at a lower density. Meanwhile, it is hotter than the Earth's core." Conducting an experiment on water allows you to better learn about the properties of water in such an exotic state. This is all the more important given some of the truly unique properties of this substance:

"Water is really a strange liquid, and if it weren't for its peculiarities, then many things on Earth would not be the way they are, especially life," Jonsson emphasized. Water has many anomalous characteristics and properties, including density, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity.

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