Whom did the court sentence to two years in prison for refusing to testify in their defense? Detailed answer

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Whom did the court sentence to two years in prison for refusing to testify in their defense? Detailed answer

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Whom did the court sentence to two years in prison for refusing to testify in their defense?

Serbian nationalist politician Vojislav Seselj spent more than 11 years in a pre-trial detention cell in The Hague, where the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia operates. The court sentenced him first to 15 and then to 18 months in prison for disclosing information about witnesses for the prosecution. Seselj was then given a third contempt sentence - he received two years for refusing to testify in his defense. Only in November 2014 he was allowed to return to Serbia, given a conditional release for health reasons, and in 2016 he was fully acquitted.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How did a Jewish girl manage to win the photo contest of Aryan children?

The competition for the best photo of an Aryan child, held in the Third Reich in 1935, was won by a six-month-old Hessie Taft. The organizers of the competition and Goebbels himself, who is credited with choosing the winner, did not suspect that the girl was Jewish. Her mother, Paulina Levenson, took Hessie to a photographer to take pictures for a family album, who, without the knowledge of her parents, sent a photo to the competition. The girl had to be hidden at home, and a few years later the family managed to leave Germany and eventually reach the United States.

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Magnetic field improves muscles 15.12.2020

Over time, muscles age and weaken. You can strengthen them with physical exercises: the load activates various biochemical processes in muscle cells that help the muscles renew themselves. As it turned out, the same anti-aging processes are activated if muscle cells are simply treated with an alternating magnetic field.

Researchers at the National University of Singapore, along with colleagues at ETH Zurich, describe in Advanced Biosystems how a magnetic field affects the TRPC1 protein. It works as an ion channel, passing sodium and calcium through the inner cell membranes. Many biochemical signals are associated with calcium ions, on which, among other things, the work of mitochondria depends - intracellular organelles that provide the cell with energy. Energy resources (that is, the activity of mitochondria) affect the ability of cells to divide. And the redistribution of calcium ions between different parts of the cell affects the functioning of mitochondria.

It is known that physical exercises in a certain way act on the TRPC1 ion channel, so that muscle cells begin to divide more actively - there are more of them, failed cells are replaced by new ones, which only benefits the muscles. It turned out that in exactly the same way, an alternating magnetic field acts on TRPC1, which is only 10-15 times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field. Actually, even the Earth's magnetic field itself is beneficial for the muscles: when in the experiments the muscle cells of mice were completely shielded from it, they began to grow more slowly. The additional field enhanced cell growth; if the TRPC1 gene was turned off in the cells, then the cells again grew poorly - they did not have an "antenna" protein that perceived the magnetic field.

To achieve cellular improvement, it was enough to act on the cells with the field for only 10 minutes a week. But if we talk about a full-fledged organism, whether it be a mouse or a person, then here the optimal effect of the field will still need to be evaluated. And in the same way, it will be necessary to evaluate how significant the effect of the magnetic field is in general on the scale of a full muscle or the entire musculature. If the magnetic field acts in this sense on the body as a whole, it can be used not only to rejuvenate aging muscles, but also to treat people with muscle diseases and to rehabilitate those whose muscles have weakened from long immobility.

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