What law of distribution of numbers allows you to check the reliability of financial data? Detailed answer

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What law of distribution of numbers allows you to check the reliability of financial data? Detailed answer

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What law of distribution of numbers allows you to check the reliability of financial data?

There is Benford's mathematical law, which states that the distribution of the first digits in the numbers of any data sets from the real world is uneven. The numbers from 1 to 4 in such sets (namely, birth or death statistics, house numbers, etc.) in the first position are much more common than the numbers from 5 to 9. The practical application of this law is that it can be check the accuracy of accounting and financial data, election results and much more. In some US states, the non-compliance of data with Benford's law is even formal evidence in court.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why does the moon glow?

In ancient times, people considered the moon to be the goddess - the patroness of the night. Since then, man has learned a lot about its true nature and even visited it. Science has managed to solve many mysteries related to this only natural satellite of the earth. One of these mysteries, which has long ceased to be a legend, is moonlight. The Moon, unlike the stars, including the Sun, does not emit constant light, but it can reflect someone else's. Therefore, moonlight is just the sun's rays reflected from the surface of the moon.

You may have heard the expression dark side of the moon. It does not mean at all that some part of the lunar surface cannot reflect light. It's just that the moon rotates around its axis with the same speed with which it makes a complete revolution around the Earth, and therefore it always faces the same side towards it. However, now the images of the far side of the Moon, received from satellites, were seen on the screens of their televisions by people in many countries.

There is no layer of atmosphere around the Moon, and this leads to very curious phenomena. Thus, the temperature of the lunar surface, illuminated for 14 days by the Sun, rises above the boiling point of water. For the next 14 days, it drops sharply, because in the absence of heating due to sunlight and an atmosphere capable of retaining heat near the surface, the latter cools very quickly.

The Earth illuminates the Moon with the reflected light of the Sun, but this does not help to slightly increase the temperature of the "lunar night", which is approximately -200 ° C.

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Artificial sperm created 12.03.2016

Biologists from Nanjing University in China have created artificial sperm.

Usually artificial spermatozoa are grown from stem cells, but Chinese scientists have invented a more promising way. In the laboratory, they managed to create spermatids - male germ cells of one of the final stages of formation. They are absolutely functional, but lack a swimming tail and can only fertilize an egg in vitro. With the help of this biomaterial, scientists obtained healthy offspring from several dozen female mice.

The production of artificial sperm required meticulous work from biologists. They took embryonic male mouse cells and exposed them to cytokines ("information" molecules) to develop into sex cells. The cells were then placed in a nutrient medium similar to male testicles and exposed to testosterone.

The resulting material fully complied with the "gold standard" for artificial sperm, defined by a group of reproductive scientists in 2014. Its main criteria are the absence of cellular mutations at each stage of formation, the correct set of chromosomes and the composition of DNA.

As always, the question of the ethics of such experiments remains open. Artificial sperm does not go through all the natural stages of cellular formation and it is not known how children conceived in this way will develop. In addition, spermatids are selected in the testicles - the body determines which of them are best suited for reproduction. This is not possible under laboratory conditions. Be that as it may, experiments to create artificial sperm are being carried out in many countries of the world and give hope to thousands of infertile men.

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