What fires were extinguished in ancient times with milk? Detailed answer

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What fires were extinguished in ancient times with milk? Detailed answer

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What fires were extinguished in ancient times with milk?

In ancient Russia, a fire from lightning was considered divine fire and was extinguished not with water, but with milk. If milk ran out, then kvass, but not water.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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How was the planet Pluto discovered?

If you think it's hard to find a needle in a haystack, then you should think about how you can "find" the planet Pluto. It is the most distant planet in the solar system, and is about forty times farther from the Sun than Earth. You need a very large telescope to see Pluto. And yet the planet was somehow open. How did it happen? There are two sets of laws that allow you to obtain information about the size of the planets and the distances to them. Kepler's laws relating to the motions of the planets prove that the orbits of the planets around the sun are not in the form of a regular circle.

Newton's law of gravity allowed astronomers to determine the weights, sizes, and masses of the planets. The law states that two bodies attract each other with a force that depends on the amount of material in each body (its mass) and the distance between them. The greater their mass, the stronger the attraction; the closer they are to each other, the stronger the attraction. Armed with these laws, two men in 1846 noticed something unusual about the behavior of the planet Uranus, then considered the most distant planet in the solar system. Uranus did not move in its orbit as one would expect, having corrected for all the known planets.

From the way Uranus moved, it could be concluded that another planet was affecting its trajectory, and to determine the location of this planet. One of these people asked the Berlin Observatory to look for a new planet in a certain part of the sky, and it was discovered there. The new planet was named Neptune. The American astronomer Percival Lowell believed that the movement of Uranus was influenced by another planet located beyond Neptune. This was in 1915. Other astronomers have felt that Neptune itself is being influenced by some planet behind it.

Thus, a systematic search for another planet began with the help of a telescope and the study of photographs. On February 18, 1930, astronomer Tombaugh, who was studying photographs in search of a new planet, discovered it - near the place predicted by Lowell! This was Pluto.

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Nanomaterial of molecules twisted simultaneously in opposite directions 21.09.2019

Many biomolecules have such a property as chirality: two molecules with exactly the same structure are mirror images of each other. The most striking example of chirality is our hands: the left mirrors the right and vice versa. Another example that we see in nature is the spiral of a shell, which can be twisted to the right or to the left. "Mirror" molecules with the same structure can have completely different properties. Conventionally, a molecule twisted in one direction smells like lemons, and when it rotates in the other direction, it smells like oranges.

The detection of these distortions is especially important in some industries such as pharmaceuticals, perfumes, food additives and pesticides. Recently, a new class of nanomaterials, plasmonic nanomaterials, has been developed that can help distinguish between the chirality of molecules. These nanomaterials enhance the chiral properties of molecules when exposed to light. They are usually made up of tiny twisted metal "wires" that are themselves chiral. However, the researchers ran into a difficulty: it became very difficult to distinguish between the twist of the nanomaterial itself and the swirl of the molecules whose properties were to be studied.

To solve this problem, a team from the Department of Physics at the University of Bath created a nanomaterial that twists in one direction and the other at the same time. This nanomaterial has the same number of molecules twisted in opposite directions, which means that they cancel each other out. Therefore, when interacting with laser beams, this material remains in its usual state, without showing the properties of chirality.

The team used a mathematical analysis of the material's symmetry properties and found several special cases that could reveal a "hidden" twist and allow detection of chirality in molecules with great precision.

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