What category of people sneezes naturally, without adding unnecessary sounds? Detailed answer

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What category of people sneezes naturally, without adding unnecessary sounds? Detailed answer

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What category of people sneezes naturally, without adding unnecessary sounds?

Almost all sneezing people, as a rule, add onomatopoeia characteristic of their culture in the process: Russian speakers - "Apchi!", English speakers - "Achu!", Japanese speakers - "Hakashun!" and so on. Natural sneezing can be heard performed by deaf people.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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What is the uniqueness of the astronomical knowledge of the African Dogon tribe?

The culture of the Dogon has been the object of close attention of scientists for several decades. This relatively small people (in 2000 the number of Dogon was about 500 thousand people) lives mainly on the territory of the Republic of Mali, in a remote area.

Actively resisting both Islamization by the rulers of ancient Mali and conversion to Christianity by the French colonialists, the Dogon have kept many of their beliefs and customs relatively intact until very recently.

Their cosmological views are of particular interest. In the view of the Dogon, the Universe is "infinite but measurable", filled with "spiral stellar worlds", one of which contains the Sun. This world can be observed in the sky in the form of the Milky Way. Most of the luminaries visible in the sky represent the "external" system of stars, whose influence on earthly life, according to the Dogon, is relatively small. The "internal" system, "directly involved in the life and development of people on Earth", includes the constellation Orion, alpha and gamma Canis Minor, the Pleiades and several more stars. The main role in it is played by Sirius, called the "navel of the world."

Dogon consider Sirius a triple star, the main component of which is called Sigi tolo ("tolo" - a star), and its satellites are Po tolo and Emme ya tolo, and two more satellites supposedly revolve around Emme ya tolo - Ara tolo and Yu tolo. At the same time, the characteristics of the Po star do not differ in any significant way from the currently known characteristics of Sirius B. First of all, the Po star is white, in Dogon sanctuaries it is symbolized by a white stone. The period of circulation of Po tolo around Sigi tolo is 50 years (according to astronomers - 49,9 years). This star, according to the Dogon, is small in size with enormous weight and density: "it is the smallest and heaviest of all stars." It is Po tolo that the Dogon consider "the most important star", "a symbol of the origin of the Universe" and "the center of the stellar world". As for Emme ya tolo, the second satellite of Sirius is not known to modern astronomy, although over the past decades astronomers from different countries have repeatedly suggested the existence of another star in this system.

Some features of the Sirius system do speak in favor of such a hypothesis, but it has not yet been confirmed by observations. Ethnographers who have studied Dogon cosmology are unanimous that it is the result of borrowing, because the level of scientific and technological development of this people would not have allowed them to learn anything like this without "outside help."

Some are inclined to consider modern European civilization to be its source, but this assumption faces serious objections. The first of these is that knowledge of the Sirius system underlies the calculation of the period with which Sigi is celebrated - the main holiday of the Dogon, the rituals of this holiday go back 700 years (according to some sources - 1400 years). Meanwhile, Sirius B was discovered by astronomers in 1862, its unusually high density was determined in 1915. In addition, the knowledge of the Dogon does not at all coincide with the modern astronomical picture of the world. In particular, the presence of a second satellite in Sirius is still only a hypothesis, and as for the satellites of Emme ya tolo (essentially planets), our astronomy does not even talk about them.

The most interesting thing is that the French ethnographers who studied the beliefs of the Dogon did not in the least believe their astronomical constructions - until one astronomer pointed out to them the remarkableness of this part of the Dogon cosmogony.

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Random news from the Archive

Super solar flare could destroy all electronics on Earth 08.01.2013

Adrian Melott (Adrian Melott) from the University of Kansas at Lawrence (USA) and his colleague Brian Thomas (Brian Thomas) from Washburn University in Topeka (USA) studied the "superflare" on the Sun in the 774th century AD, whose traces were recently found in annual rings of Japanese cedars. A solar superflare in 1859 turned out to be several times more powerful than the previous record holder, the "Carrington event" of XNUMX, capable of destroying all electronic devices and electrical networks on Earth, astronomers say in an article posted in the electronic library of Cornell University.

Flashes periodically occur on the Sun - explosive episodes of energy release in the form of visible light, heat and X-rays. It is believed that the most powerful outbreak occurred in 1859 during the so-called "Carrington event". During this powerful outbreak, approximately 10 yottojoules (1025) of energy were released, which is 20 times the energy released during the meteorite impact that destroyed dinosaurs and marine reptiles.

The discoverers of the ancient outbreak, Japanese physicists led by Fusa Miyake from the University of Nagoya (Japan), considered it a so-called "superflare", the power of which exceeded all known bursts of solar activity by several orders of magnitude. Melott and Thomas tried to calculate the exact amount of energy that could have been released during the superflare in 774. To do this, scientists calculated the proportion of radioactive carbon-14 in the annual rings of cedars and determined the amount of energy that was brought to Earth by a flash. Astronomers then tried to calculate the energy of the ejection on the Sun itself by changing the area of the flare and the proportion of its matter that reached our planet.

It turned out that the flash power was two orders of magnitude lower than the maximum values predicted by their colleagues. However, this does not deprive the 774 event of the status of a "superflare". According to researchers' calculations, about 774 yottojoules (200 * 2) of energy were released on the Sun during the burst of 1026, which is 20 times more than the power of the "Carrington event".

A similar cataclysm today would lead not only to the destruction of electronics on board satellites and the Earth's surface, but also to the appearance of other anomalies. Thus, the share of ozone at the boundaries of the stratosphere and troposphere would decrease by 20% in the first months after the outbreak and would remain low for several years.

According to Melott and Thomas, this would lead to a deterioration in the health of plants and animals around the world, and an increase in the incidence of skin cancer. However, a mass extinction of flora and fauna is unlikely, which adds another argument in favor of the realism of such outbreaks. According to the authors of the article, such "superflares" can occur once every 1250 years, which underlines the importance of observing the "health" of the Sun, given their catastrophic consequences for the infrastructure of modern civilization.

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