What is the greenhouse effect? Detailed answer

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What is the greenhouse effect? Detailed answer

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What is the greenhouse effect?

Due to a significant increase in the content of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse" gases in the atmosphere, such as fluorocarbonic acid (FCKW), nitrogen oxides, methane, ozone emitted by industry and vehicles into the atmosphere, the infrared radiation of the Earth's surface to a lesser extent returns to near-Earth space . This leads to warming.

At night, the earth's surface and atmosphere do not cool as much. The consequences of this process can be catastrophic.

Author: Mendeleev V.A.

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What is extrasensory perception?

Have you ever had the feeling that you knew about something even before it happened? Or maybe you were able to determine what the reversed card would be or what number would be called? There are many people who seem to have such abilities - and not rarely, but much more often than the average person. How do they do it? It is believed that they have the gift of clairvoyance, or have extrasensory abilities. This means that they are able to comprehend that which is beyond the ordinary senses.

For more than 25 years, Professor J. B. Rhine of Duke University has been conducting experiments to prove that extrasensory perception exists and to measure it in humans. These experiments included clairvoyance, telepathy, and precognition. In experiments on clairvoyance, a special deck of cards was used. This deck consisted of five different cards with different symbols: a cross, a circle, a star, wavy lines, and a square.

The experiment was to get people who were supposed to have psychic powers to identify differently laid out cards without looking at them. If the number of correct guesses exceeded the achievement of the average person, then this was considered proof that the person had such abilities. In experiments on telepathy, a person tried to read the mind of someone who conducted an experiment with guessing cards.

In the future prediction experiment, an attempt was made to predict the sequence of events before their occurrence using the same cards and coins. There is a lot of controversy about whether these experiments really proved the existence of extrasensory perception. But there is also a strong belief that the results show something that is not happening just by chance.

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In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

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Plastic transistor amplifies biochemical signal 10.04.2023

The molecules in our body are constantly communicating. Some of these molecules provide a biochemical fingerprint that can indicate how a wound is healing, whether a cancer treatment is working or not, or whether a virus has invaded the body. If we could sense these signals in real time with high sensitivity, then we could recognize health problems faster and monitor disease progression.

Now researchers at Northwestern University have developed a new technology that makes it easier to eavesdrop on our body's internal conversations.

Although the body's chemical signals are incredibly weak, making them difficult to detect and analyze, scientists have developed a new method that amplifies the signals by more than 1000 times. Transistors, the building block of electronics, can amplify weak signals to provide amplified output. The new approach simplifies signal detection without complex and cumbersome electronics.

By amplifying weak biochemical signals, the new approach takes modern medicine one step closer to on-site diagnosis and real-time disease monitoring.

Although they transmit vital information filled with potential for diagnosis and treatment, many chemical sensors provide weak signals. In fact, medical professionals often cannot decipher these signals without taking a sample (blood, sweat, saliva) and running it through high-tech laboratory equipment. Typically, this equipment is expensive and may even be located off-site. And it can take an unbearably long time to return results. However, Rivne's team seeks to feel and amplify these hidden signals without leaving the body.

Other scientists have explored electrochemical sensors for the biosensor using aptamers, which are single strands of DNA designed to bind to specific targets. After successfully binding to an interesting target, the aptamers act as an electronic switch, folding into a new structure that triggers an electrochemical signal. But with aptamers alone, signals are often weak and very susceptible to noise and distortion unless tested under ideal and well-controlled conditions.

To avoid this problem, the Rivnay team equipped an amplifier based on a traditional electrode-based sensor and developed a new architecture electrochemical transistor-based sensor that can sense and amplify a weak biochemical signal. This new device uses an electrode to sense the signal, but the adjacent transistor is there to amplify the signal. The researchers also included a built-in thin-film reference electrode to make the amplified signals more stable and reliable.

To test the new technology, Rivnay's team turned to a common cytokine, a type of signaling protein that regulates the immune response and is involved in tissue repair and regeneration. By measuring the concentration of certain cytokines near the wound, experts can assess how quickly the wound is healing, whether there is a new infection or other medical interventions.

In a series of experiments, Rovnay and his team were able to enhance the cytokine signal by three to four orders of magnitude compared to traditional electrode-based aptamer detection methods. While the technology has shown good results in cytokine signaling experiments, it should be able to amplify signals from any molecule or chemical, including antibodies, hormones, or drugs, where the detection circuit uses electrochemical reporters.

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