Were there pirates in antiquity? Detailed answer

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Were there pirates in antiquity? Detailed answer

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Were there pirates in antiquity?

Not far from the banks of the Nile, an ancient landmark has survived to this day - the temple of Queen Hatshepsut, built one and a half thousand years BC. Hatshepsut, daughter of Thutmose I, was officially proclaimed pharaoh of Egypt as a result of a series of palace intrigues.

The inscriptions preserved on the walls of the Hatshepsut temple tell in detail about the deeds of the female pharaoh. One of them tells of a naval expedition to the country of Punt, which took place around 1490 BC, at her command. This country was located on the coast of the Gulf of Aden and occupied part of the Somali peninsula.

Ancient texts tell in detail how five Egyptian ships entered the Red Sea and, keeping along the coast, moved south. There were many soldiers on the ships. When the Egyptians reached the country of Punt, they were greeted by the locals as messengers of the gods descended from heaven.

The Egyptians, in response, declared the lord of Punt the subjects of the female pharaoh and imposed a huge tribute - they took incense, ivory, leopard skins, livestock, monkeys. The Egyptians, in addition, recruited "native inhabitants along with their children" on their ships. In a word, the sea expedition, equipped by Queen Hatshepsut to the country of Punt, was a real pirate raid. True, in fairness it should be said that the Egyptians themselves suffered severely from the pirate raids of other peoples.

Author: Cellarius E.Yu.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What famous English-language literary dystopia contains many words of Russian origin?

In the dystopia A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess put into the mouths of teenage characters a jargon he invented called Nadsat. Most of the words nadsata were of Russian origin - for example, droog (friend), litso (face), viddy (see). The word Nadsat itself is formed from the ending of Russian numerals from 11 to 19, its meaning is the same as that of the word teenager ("teen-ager"). The translators of the novel into Russian faced the difficulty of how to adequately convey this slang. In one version of the translation, such words were replaced by English words written in Cyrillic (men, face, etc.). In another version, the jargon words were left in their original form in Latin letters.

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It's raining in the bowels of the earth 13.07.2022

A few hundred kilometers from the earth's crust there is another ocean - magmatic. And its size, most likely, exceeds the area of the rest, terrestrial. This hot ocean is made up of water molecules mixed with molten rocks.

Previously, it was believed that the water from the underground reservoir does not come into contact with moisture from the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic oceans.

Denis Andrault and Nathalie Bolfan-Casanova, geologists at the University of Clermont in France, have come up with a new concept that suggests that water does indeed seep through the mantle into the world's oceans. Geologists called this phenomenon mantle rain.

"Under the earth's crust there is a layer 410 kilometers thick, which contains many water molecules," explains Denis Andrault.

Forty years ago, scientists believed that water molecules do not rise through the mantle and the earth's crust to the ocean, but only make their way back to the bowels of the Earth. If this were the case, then the oceans on the planet would slowly decrease, constantly giving up part of the water to the mantle, the geologist argues.

Scientists discovered mantle rain when they examined how a tectonic plate and its associated fluid sink into the mantle. As the plate sinks, the temperature and pressure increase - and this leads to the melting of tectonic rocks, releasing water.

The mixture of molten rock and moisture then becomes light enough to begin to rise. In this case, the liquid reacts with the substances of the upper mantle and lowers the melting point - this caused an even stronger melting, as a result of which more water is released - and the cycle continues.

"Andro and Bolfan-Casanova's mantle rain model shows that there may be another way to transport water to the surface in addition to convection of the mantle itself," said Yoshinori Miyazaki of the California Institute of Technology.

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