What is Atlas holding on his shoulders? Detailed answer

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What is Atlas holding on his shoulders? Detailed answer

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What is Atlas holding on his shoulders?

Heaven, not the world.

According to the mythology of the ancient Greeks, Zeus ordered Atlas (or Atlas) to support the firmament as punishment for attempting to revolt with the Titans against the Olympians. At the same time, Atlanta is most often depicted as supporting something that looks a lot like a globe - this is especially noticeable on the cover of an atlas compiled by Mercator, a Flemish geographer of the XNUMXth century.

However, a closer examination shows that this globe is not the Earth at all, but the sky. Moreover, Mercator named his cartographic work not in honor of the famous Titan, but in honor of the mythical philosopher, the king of the Mauritanian Atlas (the mountains in Africa are also named after him), who is considered the first who compiled the "heavenly" (as opposed to "earthly") the globe.

The book became known as the Mercator Atlas, and later the word "atlas" was used to refer to any new cartographic collection.

Gerard Mercator, the son of a shoemaker, was born in 1512. At birth, the boy was named Gerard Kremer. In Flemish, his surname meant "market", and subsequently Gerard Latinized it into "Mercator", that is, "merchant".

Mercator is considered the father of modern cartography and quite possibly the most famous and influential Belgian in human history.

His famous map projection system of 1569 - the first attempt at an accurate representation of the world using straight lines, meridians and parallels - is still for most of us the most convincing representation of the "world". But more importantly, thanks to Mercator's cartography, navigators for the first time had the opportunity for reliable and accurate navigation, and the "epoch of the great geographical discoveries" received a scientific basis.

Due to its distortions, the Mercator projection is rarely used in maps and atlases these days, and in 1989 the leading mapping associations in the United States took the initiative to abandon it altogether.

Oddly enough, this did not stop NASA from using the projection of the great Fleming when compiling a map of Mars.

Author: John Lloyd, John Mitchinson

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Breathing affects memory 28.08.2023

New research shows that our breathing and its effect on the brain can enhance or impair our ability to form memories, and these findings could help treat brain disorders and mental health issues.

The body's natural and spontaneous respiratory behavior is known as medullary respiratory activity, under the name of the medulla oblongata, the respiratory control center in the brain. Of particular importance is a small cluster of neurons in the so-called Pre-Betzinger complex, which is located inside the medulla oblongata.

Breathing is a fundamental action in maintaining life in mammals, says neuroscientist Nozoma Nakamura of Hyogo Medical University in Japan. Although the details of the influence of respiratory function on brain states remain unclear, recent research suggests that breathing may play an important role during online brain states.

In this new study, scientists interfered with PreBotC in genetically engineered mice. They found that when mice were temporarily stopped breathing, the animals were less able to form important memories during tests of object recognition and conditioned fear.

Moreover, pauses in breathing also affected the activity of the brain's hippocampus (key for storing long-term and short-term memory) when recalling memories. In subsequent tests, forced irregular breathing improved the mice's memories, while slowing their breathing worsened their memories.

Previous research by the same team has already demonstrated that the transition from exhalation to inhalation at the beginning or within a memory task, technically known as the transition from exhalation to inhalation (EI) or the beginning of inhalation, makes people slower and less accurate when mentioning information.

After that, a study was conducted in which, using brain scans, a link was established between memory impairment and deactivation of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). The temporo-parietal junction performs many different tasks, processing information from outside and inside the body, and determining responses.

The researchers speculate that certain types of breathing, including switching to rescue breathing, reset the processing performed by the TPJ, and that TPJ may be involved in the fluctuations in memory performance that are seen in mice. These effects have yet to be replicated in humans, which is one area of future research.

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