What is yellow fever? Detailed answer

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What is yellow fever? Detailed answer

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What is yellow fever?

You may have heard that the French workers employed in the construction of the Panama Canal were forced to suspend work due to the fact that everyone was ill with yellow fever. In 1900, Walter Reed discovered the cause of this disease and found an explanation for how it is transmitted to people. Thanks to this discovery, it became possible to continue working on the channel. Construction was completed in 1914.

Yellow fever is a serious disease accompanied by high fever, bile spillage and severe vomiting. If this is an isolated case, the disease is rarely severe and the patient almost always recovers. But during an epidemic, up to fifty percent of those who get sick can die. Yellow fever is caused by a virus that mainly affects the liver. Her cells are very badly damaged, and this leads to a spill of bile. Because of the yellow-brown color that the skin acquires as a result of this, the disease got its name.

The virus is spread by mosquitoes. If a female mosquito sucks on the blood of a person with yellow fever in the first three days after he was infected, then in the next twelve days this virus, now living in a mosquito, can itself cause the disease. And if now this mosquito bites a person who has no immunity to this disease, that person will get sick. There are no drugs that can cure yellow fever, and therefore the most important question becomes how to prevent infection with the virus.

A vaccine has been developed that gives people immunity against the disease. People who receive this vaccine become immune to the virus. And, of course, in places where yellow fever is common, it is necessary to fight mosquitoes. This is also one of the ways to prevent the spread of this disease.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What causes a stomach ulcer?

No stress and no spicy food.

Despite decades of medical assurances to the contrary, the cause of a stomach or intestinal ulcer is not stress or lifestyle, but the most ordinary bacteria.

Peptic ulcer is a fairly common phenomenon even today: it affects every tenth inhabitant of the Earth. Ulcers are painful and potentially fatal. Napoleon and James Joyce both died of complications related to stomach ulcers.

In the early 1980s, two Australian pathologists, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, drew attention to a previously unidentified bacterium that was present in the lower stomachs of people suffering from ulcers or gastritis. Scientists cultivated an unknown bacterium, gave it a name (Helicobacter pylori) and began experiments. It turned out that it was worth destroying the bacteria - as the ulcers immediately healed.

However, even today, many continue to stubbornly believe that peptic ulcer disease is caused by stress. Doctors explain it this way: they say that a stressful state leads to an outflow of blood from the stomach, as a result of which the productivity of its protective mucous membrane decreases. Over time, the tissue under the mucosa is corroded by acidic gastric juice and here you are, hello, please, an ulcer.

Marshall and Warren's suggestion that a general physiological condition could be an infectious disease, just like a blister or a bruise, was truly unprecedented in modern medicine.

Then Marshall decides to conduct an experiment on himself. He drank a full cup of bacteria and soon fell ill with a severe attack of gastritis. The scientist tested himself for the presence of bacteria - his stomach was literally teeming with them - and then recovered by taking a course of antibiotics according to a scheme specially developed by him. The medical community was put to shame.

In 2005, the foresight and fortitude of Marshall and Warren were appreciated: scientists became Nobel Prize winners in medicine.

Helicobacter pylori is present in the body of half of the world's population - and almost everyone in developing countries. In the human body, these bacteria, as a rule, enter in early childhood and can exist in our stomachs all our lives. However, only in 10-15% of cases, infection with Helicobacter pylori leads to an ulcer.

We still do not know why this happens, but we know how to deal with it.

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Robot reinforces the slopes 29.05.2005

European engineers have tested a robot that strengthens the slopes.

Usually, Europeans drill deep holes in a landslide-threatening slope and hammer stakes or metal pins into it. And before that, bulky scaffolding is being built. Both are time-consuming work: for every ten square meters of a dangerous slope, there is a ten-meter-deep hole that must be drilled into the rocky ground.

In addition, builders are exposed to considerable danger - at any moment they can bring down loose rock on themselves, especially when it comes to a steep slope. And landslides in mountainous areas are frequent, in Northern Italy alone 400 slopes are destroyed in a year, causing damage of a billion euros and claiming dozens of human lives.

Scientists from the European Space Agency and D'Appolonia, with financial support from the European Commission, helped solve this problem. As a result, Roboclimber appeared - the heaviest (about 4 tons) robot in the world. It is a platform fixed on four legs. A powerful drill is installed on it, as well as a system used in space to control the orientation of the robot and its nodes.

Roboclimber is hung on ropes near a dangerous slope. He rests his feet on the slope, drills a hole, inserts a metal pin into it and, obeying the operator's command, moves up to continue working. During the tests, which took place in the Alta Valtorre area near Udine, Roboclimber drilled ten-meter holes with a diameter of 76 mm in a matter of minutes - much faster than the workers.

"According to our estimates, the use of the robot will save 75 euros while strengthening the slope of 5000 square meters. And there is nothing to say about safety," said Enzo Rizzi, project coordinator.

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