How did the jury trial come about? Detailed answer

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How did the jury trial come about? Detailed answer

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How did the jury trial come about?

For us, the right to trial by jury is one of the most sacred and natural human rights. But it took a long time before a person lived to the time when this right was recognized.

When the Normans occupied England in 1066, they instituted a certain class of juries. It was their duty to decide a court case based on personal knowledge of the facts. This order existed until the reign of Henry II in the twelfth century, great changes were made to this order.

It was decided that the jury should decide an official case solely on the basis of witness testimony in court. This, of course, is the basis of the jury system that exists today. Twelve members of the jury hear the testimony of witnesses, the arguments of lawyers and the instructions of the judge. They then retire to another room to make their decision. Apparently, there is no special meaning in the fact that the number of jurors is 12. It's just that in 1166 Henry II made such a decision and has remained so since then.

Prior to the advent of jury trials, trials were conducted by a variety of methods.

The first was called "bail". This meant that the accused brought to court several neighbors who were willing to swear an oath that he was innocent.

The second method was called "judgment of God." The accused was subjected to all kinds of torture. He dipped his hands into boiling oil or took pieces of red-hot iron. If he endured torture, he was declared innocent.

The third method was called "judicial duel". Man had to fight his enemy. If he won, he was declared innocent.

Author: Likum A.

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Hearing genes in plants 05.02.2008

South Korean biologists repeated experiments that have been underway in different countries for at least half a century: they played 14 classical pieces of music to rice plants, including Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata. But, unlike their predecessors, they did not follow the growth rate or yield, but the work of various genes.

It turned out that genes react, in fact, not to melodies and rhythms, but to sounds, therefore, from the works of great composers, experimenters later switched to simple sounds of various frequencies. And then it turned out that two rice genes are most active at frequencies of 125 and 250 hertz, and the least - at 50. Since it is known that these same genes respond to light, the experiments were repeated in complete darkness. And in this case, the activity of genes at their favorite sounds increased.

Then, from one of the "hearing" genes, the experimenters also separated the so-called promoter - a segment of DNA that regulates the activity of neighboring genes, and attached it to a gene that produces a certain enzyme. And this gene also became sensitive to sound, increasing the synthesis of the enzyme.

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