How are volcanoes formed? Detailed answer

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How are volcanoes formed? Detailed answer

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How are volcanoes formed?

In February 1943, in one of the regions of Mexico, people witnessed a rare and amazing sight: a new volcano was born in the middle of a corn field! In just three months, a cone-shaped mountain 300 meters high was formed. As a result, two cities were destroyed, and a vast territory was buried under a layer of ash and lava. How does the formation of volcanoes proceed?

First of all, it should be remembered that the temperature in the depths of the Earth rises as it approaches the center of the Earth. At a depth of 35-40 km, most of the rocks are in a molten state. When minerals change from solid to liquid, they increase in volume. As a result, new mountain ranges rise at various points on the earth's surface. This leads to a decrease in pressure in the thickness of the earth's crust, and huge lakes of magma - molten minerals - can appear under the newly formed mountains.

Magma rises up, filling the cracks that appeared in the process of mountain building. When the pressure in the underground lakes becomes too great, the stone vaults, unable to withstand it, bend upwards, and a new volcano is formed.

During the eruption that has begun, a mixture of hot gases, molten rocks and solid debris is pushed to the surface from the depths. Cooling, they form a cone-shaped top of the volcano, in the center of which there is a depression called a crater. In the middle of the crater there is a hole - a vent leading into the thickness of the earth's crust.

The material ejected through the vent to the surface is mainly a mixture of gases, however, along with them, a large amount of lava and solid particles that look like ash and cinders are also erupted.

Lava is actually magma flowing out of a volcano, but differs from the latter in its physical and chemical properties. Changes occur when magma rises to the surface and its temperature and pressure decrease dramatically.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why did Alcmene give birth to twins?

The beautiful Alcmene, the wife of the Tirynthian king Amphitryon, liked Zeus. Taking advantage of the absence of her husband, who fought against the tribes of teleboys, Zeus appeared to her, taking the form of Amphitryon.

Their wedding night lasted like three ordinary nights: Hermes, at the behest of Zeus, ordered Helios to put out the solar fires and stay at home all the next day, since the conception of a great warrior, as Zeus intended, should have taken place without haste. After that, Hermes ordered Selene to move more slowly, and Hypnos to make humanity so sleepy that no one would notice anything. Alcmene happily listened to Zeus's story about the crushing defeat that the teleboys suffered, and for thirty-six hours indulged in love pleasures with the one whom she considered her husband.

The next day, when the returned Amphitryon spared no words, telling Alcmene about his victory and his feelings for her, she, contrary to his expectations, was in no hurry to invite her husband to the marital bed. "We didn't close our eyes all last night," she complained. "Do I have to listen to the story of your exploits twice?" Puzzled by this answer, Amphitryon turned to the soothsayer, who said that Zeus was his lucky rival at night. After these words, Amphitrion never shared a bed with Alcmene, fearing divine jealousy.

Soon, sons were born to Alcmene at the same time - Iphicles from her husband and Hercules from Zeus.

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The Danger of Dirty Windows 04.11.2022

Scientists from the University of Birmingham called for washing dirty windows. They argue that windows can contain toxic contaminants and hide potentially harmful contaminants behind a film of fatty acids from food preparations that can be stored for long periods of time.

Fatty acids present in cooking emissions are very stable and difficult to break down in the atmosphere. And when they hit a hard surface like a window, they create a thin, self-organizing and slowly accumulating film, and can only be gradually broken down by other chemicals in the atmosphere.

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