What are elements? Detailed answer

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What are elements? Detailed answer

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What are elements?

All matter is made up of elements. Elements are substances made up of atoms of only one kind. Many elements have similarities with each other, sometimes even very significant, but among them no two are absolutely identical. For example, hydrogen and helium are both colorless, odorless, and tasteless gases. However, hydrogen is lighter than helium. It burns in the presence of oxygen, but helium does not.

Elements differ from each other by atomic weight. Some of them under normal conditions are solids, others are liquids, and still others are gases. When heated or cooled, many of them (almost all) can go from one state to another. Some elements dissolve in water, others do not. These and many other characteristics of elements are called their physical properties. Elements can interact with each other (with a few exceptions), forming various substances. Such interactions are called chemical reactions. The ability of an element to enter into a particular reaction is determined by its chemical properties.

In accordance with their physical and chemical properties, all elements are divided into several groups. They include elements with similar properties. These groups together make up the periodic table of elements of D. I. Mendeleev. It is named after the Russian chemist Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, who came up with the idea of creating this table.

The order of arrangement of elements in the table of D. I. Mendeleev is determined by their serial atomic number. The serial number of an element depends on the number of protons - positively charged particles - in the nucleus of an atom of a given element. The hydrogen atom contains only one proton and therefore occupies the first place in the periodic table. Some elements were named after great scientists, such as einsteinium (Einstein). Others are in honor of countries or certain areas on the globe: germanium (Germany), ruthenium (Russia), california (California), scandium (Scandinavia). Still others are named for their special properties: indium (because of its bright indigo blue color). Many elements are well known to everyone: copper, iron, lead, silver, gold, aluminum, sulfur, mercury, iodine and many others.

Author: Likum A.

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Macaroni is not full 12.04.2018

We are afraid of carbohydrates because they spoil the figure and health. But not all carbohydrates are equally harmful. For example, let's take pasta - spaghetti, pasta, vermicelli, fettuccine, etc. Pasta has a low glycemic index (especially the one made from durum wheat) - this means that after we eat it, our sugar level is blood will rise not very strongly and not very sharply.

Unlike the more easily digestible "pastry" carbohydrates, carbohydrates from pasta are slowly absorbed and slowly enter the metabolism, therefore, they do not strain the insulin system very much - pancreatic cells do not have to try to synthesize a lot of insulin in order to utilize huge amounts of glucose in blood. Therefore, carbohydrates from pasta can be considered safer.

But is it really so? If pasta and spaghetti are indeed metabolically safe, they shouldn't fill us up. To test how pasta affects the figure, researchers from St. Michael's Hospital and the University of Toronto analyzed three dozen dietary studies that dealt with people who switched to a diet with a low glycemic index.

In total, the statistics covered almost 2500 people who replaced all the usual carbohydrates in their food with pasta. On average, each person ate 3,3 servings of pasta per week, where one serving was equal to half a cup. (A cup is a measure of the volume of liquids, friables, and solids (like butter and margarine); cup volumes vary from country to country, and in Canada, one cup of liquid is equal to 250ml.) The task was to assess how the results of different studies with the paste are consistent with each other.

As a result, a meta-analysis of dietary articles confirmed that the pasta does not threaten to be overweight. Moreover, as the authors of the work in BMJ Open write, those who ate pasta lost an average of half a kilogram in three months. True, it should be borne in mind that people ate not only pasta. As mentioned above, their whole diet was low glycemic, and, obviously, losing weight was not only due to pasta.

But, one way or another, if you feel your own waist with anxiety, then it’s definitely not pasta with vermicelli and spaghetti that should be blamed for this - their carbohydrates are not to blame for our fullness.

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