Who are vertebrates? Detailed answer

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Who are vertebrates? Detailed answer

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Who are vertebrates?

What do you think: is there anything that unites a sparrow, a shark, a python, a frog, a dog and a person? You are right if you answered this question in the affirmative, because there is such a common feature for all the above creatures. It lies in the fact that they all have a spine.

The spine is not a whole bone, but an elongated chain of small bones connected in series - the vertebrae. The presence or absence of it turns out to be such an important circumstance that all animals with a spine are distinguished by scientists as a special type of vertebrates. All other animals - molluscs, insects, worms and others - are non-vertebrates.

In true vertebrates, a skull, similar to an empty box of bone, is attached to one end of the spine. It contains the brain of an animal. To him along the spinal column stretch thick bundles of nerves, hidden in the recesses on the vertebrae. These bundles form the spinal cord. Thinner nerves join the spinal cord from all sides, the endings of which are present in every part of the vertebrate body.

Another characteristic feature of vertebrates is the presence of a circulatory system, that is, interconnected blood vessels through which blood carries nutrients and oxygen, reaching every cell of the body. Small vessels, merging, form larger ones - veins and arteries, the main of which stretch to the center of the circulatory system - the heart. Vertebrates differ from other animals in their well-developed musculoskeletal system, which, in addition to the skeleton, consists of muscles and tendons. The ribs and bones that hold the limbs are attached to the spinal column.

The number of limbs in a vertebrate never exceeds four, and in some animals, such as snakes, they are completely absent. These limbs may have a different appearance. In birds, one pair of limbs has evolved into wings in the process of evolution, while in humans, one pair has become hands and the other has become legs.

Typical representatives of vertebrates are owners of tails. However, just as some of them lost their limbs as they developed, so did man in the early stages of his existence lose his tail.

Author: Likum A.

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