How did our laws come about? Detailed answer

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How did our laws come about? Detailed answer

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How did our laws come about?

Justice, or law, arose when people entered into some kind of social relations among themselves. For example, Robinson Crusoe, who lived alone, did not need any laws at all. He had no one to sort things out with. But as soon as Friday appeared, the possibility of conflicts arose between Robinson and his servant, strengthening the rights of one at the expense of the rights of the other. The law was needed. The purpose of the law is to establish and clearly define the relationship between individuals and the relationship of man with society. He tries to give a person as much freedom of action as he does not harm the freedom of others. Laws usually evolved from the habits of people.

The earliest system of laws was formed around 1700 BC. e. Hammurabi, king of Babylon. He developed a code (or a complete set of laws), in which he defined the rights of the individual, property, and others. Habits did not develop into laws on their own: behind this were the forces of government. Later, the laws flowed from the decisions made by the courts and from the books in which the jurists expounded everything they had learned. Later, the laws were formalized in special books or codes. It was done by kings or lawyers.

The great creators of laws were the Romans, and the code of laws of the emperor Justinian, who lived from 527 to 565, summarized the thousand-year practice of this creativity. In the Middle Ages, the actions of people were regulated mainly by the church, which developed a list of laws called canons. In the XNUMXth century, Roman law began to be studied in Italy and spread throughout Europe. On the basis of Roman law, a list of laws was created that was developed in civil law. It went against the existing canons. At the same time, the courts of England were reconsidering their views on the law, a new code appeared, called the common law.

In 1804, Napoleon created a book that included all the civil laws of that time. The Napoleonic Code served as the basis for the codes of Europe, Central and South America. The system of common laws that arose in England became the starting point for the codes of the United States, Canada (with the exception of Quebec), Australia and New Zealand.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Who built the first car?

It is difficult to say who was the first to build a car powered by a gasoline engine. The German Gottlieb Daimler built his first gasoline-powered car in 1887. In the same year, two Frenchmen patented the clutch and gearbox, which have largely survived unchanged in most English cars to this day. Naturally, some British cars now have automatic transmissions, although this innovation is more popular in America.

The English automobile pioneer was F. W. Lanchester, who produced his first automobile in 1895. Two "modern" improvements to this car were pneumatic tires and spoked wheels. From that moment on, the development of the car went very quickly.

Initially, it was difficult to get the attention of potential investors in the production of cars. A young American inventor, Henry Ford, developed a model car that was supposed to be sold at an affordable price.

In the early days of the automobile industry, cars were the privilege of the wealthy, and Ford's experiment was a success. This led to the creation of the world's largest automobile plant, the Ford plant, which made relatively cheap, reliable cars available to people all over the world. Henry Ford introduced two principles into the automotive industry: standardization and mass production.

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information engine 12.11.2022

The highlight of the year was the development of the so-called information engine, fueled by information. The prototype engine did the job solely by calculation, without spending any energy on it. Unfortunately, this discovery works only in the microcosm.

We all know about such a phenomenon as thermal noise. In the normal state, thermal fluctuations are random in nature and cannot do useful work. You can correct the situation with the help of feedback - information that could cut off the "braking" oscillations and fix the "working" ones. Then each time the engine would do only useful work, without spending energy on it in the form of fuel. The role of fuel in such a system would be played by information - this is a system for determining the perfect work and feedback that controls the engine.

A group of physicists from Simon Fraser University in Burnab, British Columbia, and the Institute for Fundamental Questions (FQXi) conducted an experiment in which a bacterium-sized glass bead was moved in a given direction by means of thermal noise and information about its position. The bead was placed in water and caught in a laser trap. Thermal vibrations of water molecules pushed the bead in all possible directions, but thanks to measurements of its position in water and feedback, the optical trap only moved in space (and kept the bead at a new level) when the movement went in the right direction.

The accuracy of determining the position of the bead in space left much to be desired, and thus the work of the "information" engine was small. It was possible to increase the efficiency of the engine after the inclusion in the algorithm of the so-called "Baesian solution estimation" - a statistical method that largely predicted the new position of the bead than measured it.

In fact, the "fuel" of such an engine was only information about the approximate position of the bead obtained by measurement, a calculation algorithm that reduces the measurement error, and a feedback mechanism that fixes the bead (work performed) at a new level. The process of performing the work was carried out by thermal noise. You can say it's free. Now scientists are thinking about experiments on how to do similar work from other sources of noise. If everything works out, it will be possible to receive energy from sources that the world has not yet dreamed of.

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