What is the Braille system? Detailed answer

BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Free library / Directory / Big encyclopedia for children and adults

What is the Braille system? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education

Did you know?

What is the Braille system?

Perhaps the biggest problem with severe vision loss is that a person loses the ability to read. Consider for a moment how important this ability is for every person.

People have long recognized this and have tried to find a way to teach blind people to read. For example, as far back as 1517, there was a system of engraving letters on a wooden board in such a way that a blind person could recognize them with their fingers. The fingertips of a person are very sensitive, and with their help the blind can "read". Most subsequent systems used raised letters. But they all suffered from one drawback: the blind could read, but it was very difficult to learn to write: after all, he could not see the letter, and this made things very difficult.

In 1829, a man named Louis Braille, a teacher at a school for the blind and himself a blind man, devised a system by which a sick person, with the help of a simple device, could read and write. Braille is based on dots. Imagine an elongated plate, also called a Braille cell. Convex points - "bumps" are placed on it in a certain sequence. Each cell letter can contain up to three dots vertically and two horizontally. Each letter has its own combination. The tubercle points in each cell are located at three levels, which, together with other cells, form three imaginary horizontal lines.

The complete Braille alphabet consists of 63 combinations of letters, punctuation and abbreviations. For example, the letter "A" consists of a single dot in the upper left corner of the cell (top row). "B" - two dots, one below the other, in the upper left corner of the cell (top and middle row). The Braille alphabet is one of the most complete and user-friendly in existence today. He helped so many blind people to get the joy of reading and writing.

Nowadays, a large number of newspapers and magazines are published, the texts of which are compiled in Braille. A great help for the blind is a phrase book that includes various texts. It also has a special section for blind children.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How does the body produce blood cells?

An adult human body contains about six liters of blood. There are approximately 35 billion blood cells in this fluid! It's almost impossible for us to imagine such a huge number, but it might give you an idea. Each blood cell is so small that it can only be seen with a microscope. If we imagine a chain made of these cells, then this chain will go around the globe four times! Where do these cells come from?

Obviously, a "factory" capable of producing such an incredible number of cells must have an amazing productivity - especially considering that sooner or later each of these cells decays and is replaced by a new one! The birthplace of blood cells is the bone marrow. If you look at an open bone, you will see inside it a reddish-gray porous substance - bone marrow. If you look at it under a microscope, you can see a whole network of blood vessels and connective tissues. Between these tissues and blood vessels are countless bone marrow cells, and it is in them that blood cells are born.

When a blood cell is in the bone marrow, it is an independent cell with its own nucleus. But before it leaves the bone marrow and enters the bloodstream, it loses its nucleus. As a result, a mature blood cell is no longer a complete cell. It is no longer a living element, but only a kind of mechanical device. A blood cell resembles a balloon made of protoplasm and filled with blood hemoglobin, which makes it red.

The sole function of the blood cell is to combine with oxygen in the lungs and replace carbon dioxide with oxygen in the tissues. The number and size of blood cells in a living being depends on its need for oxygen. Worms do not have blood cells. Cold-blooded amphibians have relatively few large cells in their blood.

Most of the blood cells in small warm-blooded animals that live in mountainous areas. The human bone marrow adapts to our oxygen needs. At high altitudes, it produces more cells at lower altitudes - less. People who live in the mountains can have twice as many blood cells as those who live on the coast!

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ What is protoplasm?

▪ Where is more caffeine - in a cup of tea or in a cup of coffee?

▪ What special state of matter was found in the chicken eye?

See other articles Section Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Artificial leather for touch emulation 15.04.2024

In a modern technology world where distance is becoming increasingly commonplace, maintaining connection and a sense of closeness is important. Recent developments in artificial skin by German scientists from Saarland University represent a new era in virtual interactions. German researchers from Saarland University have developed ultra-thin films that can transmit the sensation of touch over a distance. This cutting-edge technology provides new opportunities for virtual communication, especially for those who find themselves far from their loved ones. The ultra-thin films developed by the researchers, just 50 micrometers thick, can be integrated into textiles and worn like a second skin. These films act as sensors that recognize tactile signals from mom or dad, and as actuators that transmit these movements to the baby. Parents' touch to the fabric activates sensors that react to pressure and deform the ultra-thin film. This ... >>

Petgugu Global cat litter 15.04.2024

Taking care of pets can often be a challenge, especially when it comes to keeping your home clean. A new interesting solution from the Petgugu Global startup has been presented, which will make life easier for cat owners and help them keep their home perfectly clean and tidy. Startup Petgugu Global has unveiled a unique cat toilet that can automatically flush feces, keeping your home clean and fresh. This innovative device is equipped with various smart sensors that monitor your pet's toilet activity and activate to automatically clean after use. The device connects to the sewer system and ensures efficient waste removal without the need for intervention from the owner. Additionally, the toilet has a large flushable storage capacity, making it ideal for multi-cat households. The Petgugu cat litter bowl is designed for use with water-soluble litters and offers a range of additional ... >>

The attractiveness of caring men 14.04.2024

The stereotype that women prefer "bad boys" has long been widespread. However, recent research conducted by British scientists from Monash University offers a new perspective on this issue. They looked at how women responded to men's emotional responsibility and willingness to help others. The study's findings could change our understanding of what makes men attractive to women. A study conducted by scientists from Monash University leads to new findings about men's attractiveness to women. In the experiment, women were shown photographs of men with brief stories about their behavior in various situations, including their reaction to an encounter with a homeless person. Some of the men ignored the homeless man, while others helped him, such as buying him food. A study found that men who showed empathy and kindness were more attractive to women compared to men who showed empathy and kindness. ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Ointment for snake bites 20.09.2011

Around 125 people in the world die every year from venomous snake bites, and another 400 have to amputate their bitten limbs. Physiologist Dirk van Helden from the University of Newcastle (England) and his colleagues created an ointment based on nitroglycerin, which, applied to the site of a snake bite, slows down the spread of poison throughout the body.

This slowdown gives time to take urgent action. Experiments with a harmless mixture of compounds, similar in all properties, except for poisonousness, with snake toxins showed that usually this mixture, injected into the leg, reaches the groin in 13 minutes. If a circle with a diameter of five centimeters around the injection site is smeared with a new ointment, the process of spreading the poison takes 54 minutes.

When a rat was injected with real snake venom, symptoms of poisoning appeared after 65 minutes, and after using nitroglycerin ointment - after 96 minutes. And the poisoning was not so severe. True, the ointment is not suitable for the poison of all types of snakes, and it must be applied no later than a minute after the bite.

Other interesting news:

▪ Tesla electric car battery quick change

▪ Robotic London Underground trains

▪ Nvidia Parker - new generation single-chip system for the automotive segment

▪ The value of dark chocolate for older people with diseased arteries

▪ 23" Full HD Philips display with ErgoSensor technology

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Home workshop. Article selection

▪ article by Jean-Paul Sartre. Famous aphorisms

▪ article Which artist saved money on mailing by simply painting stamps on envelopes? Detailed answer

▪ wisteria article. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Water level meter. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Generators and synchronous compensators. General requirements. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews