How was dynamite obtained? Detailed answer

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How was dynamite obtained? Detailed answer

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How was dynamite obtained?

There are many important events that have become milestones in the history of mankind, but of course one of the most significant was the creation of explosives. It is traditionally believed that gunpowder was invented by the Chinese before the new era. Europeans began to use it only in the XIV century. But it was after this that they were able to extend their influence to the rest of the world.

Old-style gunpowder is a mixture of potassium salt (nitrate), charcoal and sulfur. It was the most common explosive until almost the end of the XNUMXth century.

In 1845, the German chemist Schönbein treated cotton fiber with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. The result was a white, fibrous, cotton-like product now known as nitrocellulose, or pyroxylin. It was more of an explosive than gunpowder.

Around the same time, the Italian Ascanio Sobrero experimented with glycerin. He carefully, drop by drop, added it to a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. The result was a small amount of nitroglycerin, which proved to be an even stronger explosive than pyroxylin.

Almost 20 years later, the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel accidentally managed to get dynamite. He worked with nitroglycerin, which created many problems because it often exploded during production and transportation. Although Nobel found a fairly safe way to obtain nitroglycerin, working with him still remained fraught with surprises.

Once Nobel took out several cans of nitroglycerin from a box of diatomite (a loose rock of volcanic origin) in which they were located, and found that the can had leaked. A mixture of spilled nitroglycerin and diatomaceous earth formed a solid mass. This made the explosive much less sensitive to shaking.

So the case helped to discover dynamite!

Author: Likum A.

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What is Churchill angry at in his most famous photograph?

One of the most famous photographs of Churchill, depicting him sullen and angry, was taken in 1941 after his speech to the Canadian House of Commons. When Churchill was brought into the room, he told the photographer that he had two minutes and lit a cigar. At the request of the photographer to remove the cigar, the prime minister refused. Then the photographer approached Churchill under the pretext of measuring the level of light and pulled the cigar out of his mouth himself, and the Prime Minister's reaction to this impudence was just caught on camera. But then Churchill smiled and allowed another photograph to be taken, although this benevolent photograph is far less known.

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Finder Series 72 Liquid Level Control Switch 01.10.2015

Level control switches are mainly used to turn the pump on / off when the liquid reaches a predetermined level or to prevent leakage. Such relays are used in automatic control systems for filling / draining liquid in tanks - in wells, in sewers, in chemical reactors.

Model 72.11 has a fixed sensitivity (150 kOhm) and a time delay (1 second), in model 72.01 (for example 720180240000 for 24 V DC, 720182400000 for 220 V AC) they can be changed (5...150 kOhm, 0,5/7 seconds). At the same time, the same relay can be used for both filling and draining. The work of the 72nd series is based on the principle of "positive logic". Using two electrodes, it is possible to determine the level relative to one electrode - above / below. By adding a third electrode, you can control three levels - above / within / below.

The relay is used with liquids with sufficient resistivity - tap water, spring water, rain water, sea water, waste water, liquids with a small amount of alcohol, milk, liquid fertilizers.

Positive logic provides additional security. If the relay fails or the control voltage is interrupted, the relay will automatically open the contacts. This will prevent overfilling or running the pumps dry.

Turning on/off the pump when approaching the lower/upper level is controlled by the delay value. Decreasing it provides more precise level control, but increases the frequency of pump operation. The shutter speed should be set based on the volume of the tank and the rate of its filling / drainage.

The durability of the electrodes depends on the distance between them. The larger it is, the less often the switching of contacts will occur and, which will increase the lines of the contact service.

Single-phase electric motors of small power (up to 0,55 kW) can be connected directly to the relay circuit. If frequent switching on / off of the motor is expected, an intermediate relay or contactor must be used. In powerful motors, you need to use a contactor. The maximum distance between the electrode and the relay is 200 m.

As an electrode, it is recommended to use a float switch of the 72A1 series (for technical water supply) or 72B1 (for dirty water).

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