How was the glass opened? Detailed answer

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How was the glass opened? Detailed answer

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How was the glass opened?

Glass has been known to man for thousands of years. For a long time it was used to decorate and make precious things. But glass really became useful for everyone when people learned to use its main quality - transparency. It turned out that you can see through it!

No one knows exactly when and where glass was first obtained, although it is known that it has been used since ancient times. The main ingredients for making glass are sand, soda ash, or potash and lime, melted together at a high temperature. And since all these materials are widespread on Earth, the secret of making glass could be discovered in many countries. Therefore, there is no consensus on this matter. According to one of the existing versions, the honor of discovering glass belongs to the ancient Phoenicians. The crew of a ship, the legend says, landed on the banks of a river in Syria. Wanting to cook their own dinner on the fire, they did not find large stones to put a pot on them, and used for this purpose large pieces of saltpeter (sodium compounds) from the cargo of the ship. From the intense heat, the saltpeter melted, combined with the surrounding sand and flowed like a stream of liquid glass! It is up to the reader to believe this story or not, but it is indisputable that Syria was one of the first places of glassmaking on Earth. And Phoenician merchants sold glass products in all Mediterranean countries.

Another country where glass making was known from ancient times was Egypt. Glass beads and amulets have been found in tombs that date back to 7000 BC. e. However, these products could get there from Syria. But we know for sure that around 1500 BC. e. The Egyptians made their own glass. To do this, they used a mixture of crushed quartz pebbles with sand. They also found that by adding cobalt, copper, or manganese to this mixture, blue, green, and purple glass could be obtained.

After 1200 B.C. e. The Egyptians learned how to cast glass in glass molds. But the glassblowing pipe was unknown until the beginning of the Christian era, when it was invented by the Phoenicians.

The Romans were great craftsmen in terms of making glass, who, apparently, were the first to start making thin window panes. And by the beginning of a new era, window glass had already become an object of everyday life!

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Where did jazz come from?

This music originated at the end of the XNUMXth century in the southern states of the United States. In the beginning, only black Americans performed it. Jazz absorbed not only the African-American traditions and rhythms of blues, gospel and spirituals (spiritual chants of black slaves on plantations), but also the melodies of white Americans - dance, marching, rag-time.

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plasma mirror 10.01.2023

For the first time in the history of science, physicists from the LOA laboratory (Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquee), France, have created a so-called relativistic plasma mirror, a region induced by laser light, inside which free plasma electrons move almost at the speed of light. And the most remarkable thing in this case is that this plasma mirror is "updated" at a fairly high rate - about a thousand times per second.

When an intense pulse of laser light ionizes the surface of a material target, it creates a cloud of plasma so dense that the whole thing becomes opaque to light, even if the target was previously completely transparent. Laser light is simply reflected from such a plasma mirror. But, during such a reflection, a process called surface higher harmonic generation (SHHG) occurs, which "compacts" the laser light pulses, making them even shorter and more intense, which is of interest to some areas of science and technology.

However, the "brittle nature" of the SHHG process imposes a number of stringent requirements on the laser parameters, such as spatiotemporal pulse quality and temporal contrast, as well as a huge peak power, which must be measured in terawatts, i.e. thousands of gigawatts. And this is the reason why all previous experiments in this direction were carried out with a low (less than 10 times per second) generation-update frequency of the plasma mirror.

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At the next stages of their research, French scientists plan to tackle the problem of refocusing radiation reflected from a plasma mirror, which will make it possible to obtain light pulses of less than a femtosecond duration with a record high level of intensity (brightness).

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