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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
What are mushrooms? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What are mushrooms? Mushrooms bring great benefits to humans, performing two mutually exclusive functions: they perform a huge amount of useful and destructive work. By decomposing waste, mushrooms help a person by preventing their uncontrolled accumulation. They also return mineral salts needed by plants to the soil. Some mushrooms produce medicinal substances that help a person fight diseases. Other fungi cause diseases of plants and animals, which forces a person to wage a constant struggle with them. What are mushrooms? These are simple, dependent plants. We call them "simple" because they do not have roots, stems and leaves compared to complex plants. They are dependent as they do not have chlorophyll, which means they cannot produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water like other green plants. Therefore, they depend on the availability of nutrients produced by green plants. There are many types of mushrooms, and they vary considerably in their structure. Some are single cells. For example, bacteria and yeast are single-celled fungi. Bacteria reach an average length of 0,005 mm. Mucous mold is another type of fungus. It differs from other plants in that it consists of a large volume of naked protoplasm, which is similar to a gelatinous film on the surface of rotting wood or other wet object. All types of fungi, with the exception of these three (bacteria, yeasts and mucosal molds), are composed of a huge amount of colorless fibers. They are called "mycelium", or mycelium. The processes of the mycelium penetrate into the material on which it develops, and thus extract nutrients. Mushrooms require water for their development and digestion of food, so they cannot grow in a dry climate. Mushrooms include a large class of molds that infect both bread and damp cloth. Some types of mold are used in cheese making to give cheese a certain flavor, as well as in the manufacture of medicines. Edible and poisonous mushrooms also belong to this family. The main part of these fungi, consisting of mycelium, spreads underground. The fungus itself is just the spore-producing part of the mycelium, which is fully formed before appearing on the surface. Author: Likum A.
What is the difference from a regular ballpoint pen for astronauts? The first ballpoint pen was produced in the late thirties of the last century. It very quickly became the most common, cheapest and most convenient pen for everyone, and especially for schoolchildren and students. The most difficult thing was to come up with a composition suitable for writing with a ballpoint pen, because ordinary ink was not suitable for this - a special paste was needed, the composition of which was found by the Hungarian chemist Josef Biro. Our country failed to acquire a patent for the production of ballpoint pens, so scientists had to look for the composition of the paste again. The production of tiny balls has long been established, but everyone could not make pasta. Flies helped, or rather, a means of dealing with them. In those days, a mixture of castor oil and rosin was used to fight flies in everyday life. And then one engineer of the Moscow factory of art paints suggested making a paste out of it. And what do you think? The pens stopped leaking and began to write! The first Soviet ballpoint pen was made at the Soyuz plant in Leningrad in 1949, and mass production began in the 1960s. In 1969, special ballpoint pens were developed for astronauts. Having tested them in weightlessness, the cosmonauts of the Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 crews were very pleased with them. After all, ordinary ballpoint pens refuse to write, even if you attach a sheet to the wall, not to mention the ceiling. Under normal terrestrial conditions, the paste is fed to the writing ball under the action of gravity. In space, weightlessness. What did our designers come up with? A very simple and very reliable device is a cylindrical spring, with the help of which the paste is fed to the ball. She performed the role of earth's gravity in space. And so that the handle did not fly around the cabin, a special nylon thread was attached to it, twisted into a spring. At the end of the spring is a hook. They can attach the handle to the pile upholstery of the ship wherever you want.
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