How and why did the Persian king Xerxes I order to punish the Hellespont sea strait? Detailed answer

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How and why did the Persian king Xerxes I order to punish the Hellespont sea strait? Detailed answer

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How and why did the Persian king Xerxes I order to punish the Hellespont sea strait?

In 480 BC, the Persian king Xerxes I, during a campaign against Greece, became angry at the Hellespont (Dardanelles) sea strait because a storm swept away a floating bridge. He ordered the sea to be whipped and chains thrown into its waters. True, then, frightened, Xerxes began to coax the same sea with gifts.

By the way, none of the people of that time - neither the Persians nor the Greeks - Xerxes' actions did not seem ridiculous.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Where did golf originate?

As far as we know, golf originated in Scotland. But if we delve into history, we will see that golf has its roots in the distant past. At the beginning of the Roman Empire, there was a game called paganika. It was played with a leather ball stuffed with feathers and a curved stick that was used as a club.

There is evidence that a golf-like game existed in England around the middle of the fourteenth century. And in the British Museum in one book of the XNUMXth century there is a drawing depicting three players near the holes. Each of them - with a ball and a club.

In the XNUMXth century, golf became so popular in Scotland that there were even laws forbidding people to play because the game was too time-consuming. Among other things, the interest in golf was the reason why people neglected military training, and also went to church less often on Sundays. Since ancient times, golf has been known as a noble and ancient game.

People of royal blood were fond of playing golf: James IV, James V, Mary Stuart. Golf clubs began to appear in the eighteenth century. The first, apparently, was founded in 1744. It was called the Noble Company of Edinburgh Golfers. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrew, founded in 1754, amends and finalizes the rules of the game. The decisions of this club have been adopted everywhere in all clubs with the exception of the United States.

In 1951, the United States Golf Association agreed to the general rules. Golf has been played in the USA since 1799. But it took at least a hundred years before they began to play regularly and constantly in the United States. The first golf club in the United States was founded in 1888 in Yonkers, New York.

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Sound can travel even in a vacuum 14.08.2023

Finnish physicists have discovered that, under certain conditions, sound is able to travel through a perfect vacuum, contrary to the traditional understanding that sound requires a medium to propagate.

Sound propagation usually requires a material medium through which vibrations can be transmitted. On Earth, it could be air or water. Sound arises from vibrations that set atoms and molecules in motion within a medium. These vibrations are transmitted from one particle to another and are interpreted by the human ear as sound.

An ideal vacuum implies the absence of any material environment. In theory, under such conditions, sound should not propagate. However, scientists from Finland have discovered that the so-called "vacuum" can still contain electric fields that can cause vibrations in piezoelectric crystals. This may be a key factor in the study of sound transmission in empty space.

Piezoelectric materials are capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Applying mechanical pressure to a crystal creates an electric field, and applying an electric field to a crystal causes it to deform.

Research has shown that sonic vibrations can cause mechanical stress in piezoelectric crystals. Using zinc oxide as a piezoelectric crystal, physicists have found that this crystal is capable of converting mechanical stress into an electric field under certain conditions.

By placing two such crystals next to each other, one of them can convert electrical energy back into mechanical energy, allowing sound waves to travel through a vacuum. This effect is most effective at certain frequencies and distances between crystals, allowing ultrasonic waves to "tunnel" through a vacuum.

This discovery could have important implications for quantum computer science and other areas of physics. It is important to note that although in most cases the transmission of sound waves through a vacuum is weak, there are situations where this occurs with high efficiency and without reflections.

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