Where and when did crossword puzzles appear? Detailed answer

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Where and when did crossword puzzles appear? Detailed answer

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Where and when did crossword puzzles appear?

The first crosswords (English cross-word - cross + word) appeared in the XNUMXth century in English children's books. Shortly thereafter, crossword puzzles became a popular adult pastime in the United States.

The first modern crossword was printed in a New York newspaper on Sunday, December 21, 1913. In the early 1920s, most of the leading American newspapers printed at least one crossword puzzle in every issue.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How do we swallow food?

The process of swallowing food is very complicated. It involves nerve cells, muscles, ligaments and various glands. In this case, the pharynx, tongue, epiglottis, soft palate, tongue, lips, nose, lungs, diaphragm (abdominal obstruction), abdominal muscles and, finally, the brain are involved. First of all, at the command of the brain, the teeth bite off and grind food, moistened with saliva. The tongue knocks food into the so-called food lump.

When we start to swallow, the soft palate at the back of the mouth rises and closes the passage to the nasal cavity so that food cannot enter there. The food then enters the throat. Here is the entrance to the windpipe (trachea). To prevent food from getting there, the epiglottis, which is a cartilage located at the root of the tongue, descends and closes the entrance to the larynx. Then the food bolus enters the esophagus - a tube about 25 centimeters long.

The esophagus has muscular walls, and food is pushed through it as a result of their contraction. Liquid passes through the esophagus very quickly, and the passage of a food bolus through it takes about 8 seconds. Thus, swallowed food does not just fall into the stomach by itself. For its passage through the esophagus requires muscle effort. Therefore, while eating, you can not hang your head down.

What causes muscles to contract when we swallow? On the walls of the digestive tract there are nerve endings that react to the presence of food. When it touches the walls of the tract, these nerve endings are stimulated and it is they that cause the contraction of the muscular walls of the esophagus, due to which food is pushed into the stomach.

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Water in the stratosphere shapes the climate 10.10.2013

Water vapor in the stratosphere contributes to the formation of higher temperatures on the Earth's surface and probably plays an important role in the evolution of the Earth's climate, according to a report by a research team led by scientists from Texas A&M University (USA).

Professor Andrew Dessler of Texas A&M University and his colleagues at the University of Colorado and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have found that an increase in the Earth's surface temperature, for example due to emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, leads to increased humidity in the stratosphere. And since water vapor in the stratosphere is a greenhouse gas, it leads to even more warming on Earth. Thus, a kind of feedback loop is formed. According to scientists, it is this cycle that is responsible for 5-10% of climate warming caused by an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

It is worth noting that the existence of the process itself did not surprise scientists - they had known about it for a long time. However, the real discovery was how important this process is for the formation of the climate on the planet.

All climate predictions now have to take into account the amount of water vapor in the stratosphere if they are to claim accuracy, the researchers say. Currently, only a few climate forecasts take this factor into account. The remaining forecasts, without taking into account the factor of the atmospheric humidity level, can hardly be considered reliable.

A few years ago, Professor Dessler experimentally calculated the strength of feedback for the first time, and proved that clouds play a key role in climate change.

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