How many surnames are there in South Korea? Detailed answer

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How many surnames are there in South Korea? Detailed answer

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How many surnames are there in South Korea?

The population of South Korea exceeds 47 million people, but the number of surnames of South Koreans is only about three hundred.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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How did Hephaestus take revenge on his mother, who threw him from Olympus immediately after birth?

In Greek mythology, Hephaestus is the god of fire and blacksmithing. Some consider Hephaestus the son of Zeus and Hera, while others argue that Hera gave birth to Hephaestus without the participation of Zeus - in retaliation for the birth of Athena from his own head.

One way or another, but Hephaestus was born so frail that Hera, in order not to be tormented by the miserable sight that her son was, decided to throw him off the top of Olympus. The fall ended quite well for Hephaestus: he fell into the sea, where Thetis and Eurynome immediately rushed to his aid. They settled him in a deep cave, where Hephaestus subsequently built his first forge. In gratitude for the kindness, he made a lot of jewelry and various useful things for his rescuers.

Hephaestus harbored anger at his mother for a long time and finally decided to take revenge on her. He forged a golden throne of extraordinary beauty and sent it to Hera. She was delighted with a gift worthy of the queen of gods and people. However, as soon as she sat on the throne, indestructible fetters wrapped around her. Hera was chained to the throne, and the rest of the gods could not help her.

Hephaestus was urgently brought to Olympus, but all the requests of the gods to him were in vain. And only when the cunning Dionysus gave Hephaestus a fair amount of fragrant wine, he, drunk, forgot the offense and freed his mother. After that, Hephaestus remained to live on Olympus.

According to another version, Hera noticed a brooch made by Hephaestus on Thetis' chest and asked where she got such a treasure. Seeing the confusion of Thetis, Hera insisted that she tell the whole truth - and at the same moment returned Hephaestus to Olympus.

One way or another, but Hera did her best to make amends with her son: she built a forge for him better than the previous one, where twenty horns did not fade for a moment, and even arranged his wedding with Aphrodite.

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living cell calculator 18.05.2013

Using analog computing circuits, scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have created a living calculator that can calculate logarithms and extract square roots.

The original calculator is based on synthetic, that is, created in the laboratory, living cells in which genes are used as elements of a computing machine. These genes perform mathematical calculations in analog mode, that is, they are combined and separated in the process of counting using natural biochemical functions. Due to the fact that already existing cellular mechanisms are used, a living calculator works much more efficiently than hybrids that are trying to instill alien "non-living" digital calculation schemes.

Analog calculations using a live calculator should be especially useful, for example, for creating digital-analogue systems that detect the threshold concentration of certain molecules. In other words, based on the new technology, it is possible to create highly effective methods for the early detection of diseases.

The creation of a living calculator began with the fact that scientists discovered the similarity between analog transistor circuits and circuits of chemical processes that occur inside the cell. In 2011, they even managed to simulate the biological interactions between DNA and proteins using an electronic circuit of only 8 transistors.

In the new work, the scientists did the opposite: they transferred analog electronic circuits into living cells. Analog calculations in the case of biology are more efficient than digital ones, especially when high accuracy of calculations is not required. Analog circuits in living cells use natural continuous computational functions that under natural conditions ensure the vital activity of cells. For example, the level of glucose in living cells is analogous to current or voltage in an electronic circuit.

The live calculator created at MIT works quite simply. To create an analog circuit capable of adding or multiplying and calculating the total number of two or more connections in a cell, the researchers used a combination of two circuits, each responding to a different factor. In one scheme, sugar (arabinose) acts on a transcription factor that activates the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). In the second scheme, the AHL signaling molecule also includes a gene that produces GFP. Thus, by measuring the total amount of GFP, one can calculate the total amount of arabinose and AHL.

In this way, you can create living analog circuits that can divide, take square roots, and perform other calculations. So far, this work is only the beginning of a long journey, but in the future, living analog computers will open up completely new possibilities. In particular, the accuracy of gene expression measurement, molecular sensing, and control of living cells will be greatly improved.

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