What role did Russian emigrants play in the development of US aviation? Detailed answer

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What role did Russian emigrants play in the development of US aviation? Detailed answer

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What role did Russian emigrants play in the development of US aviation?

The majority of Russian aviation engineers, who found themselves in exile after 1917, settled in countries with a highly developed industry (in the USA, France, Germany) and played a significant role in the further development of aviation. Russian aviation engineers did a lot especially for US aviation. The most famous of them was Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (1889-1972), one of the pioneers of the aircraft industry.

The first aircraft of his design (C-2) Sikorsky took to the air in Russia in 1910. In 1912-1914, he created the Grand, Russian Knight, Ilya Muromets aircraft, which marked the beginning of multi-engine aviation. In 1919, Sikorsky emigrated to the United States and settled in the city of Stratford (Connecticut), where he first earned his living by teaching at one of the evening schools. In 1923 he founded an aviation company, and in 1924 he built a twin-engine biplane S-29 in a chicken coop, the best in its class and immediately became world famous.

Sikorsky's firm became a place of work for many talented Russian engineers. Their level of training was extremely high - so much so that later the people who financed the creation of new aviation firms demanded that "at least half of the recruited engineers be Russians."

Sikorsky created 15 types of aircraft in the USA, many of which were in great demand in the world. In 1928, for example, his firm produced the twin-engine amphibious S-38, which flew, landed, and splashed down where only hunters and Indian feasts had been before. Sikorsky also created the first serial passenger transoceanic airliner S-42.

On the basis of Sikorsky's company, the well-known Pan American airline subsequently arose. Since 1938, Sikorsky began to create helicopters, one of which (S-47) became the only one used on the fronts of World War II by the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. Sikorsky was the first to build turbine helicopters, amphibious helicopters with retractable landing gear and "flying cranes".

Sikorsky's helicopters were the first to fly across the Atlantic (in 1967) and Pacific (in 1970) oceans (with in-flight refueling). Sikorsky is deservedly considered the number 1 helicopter pilot in the world.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is Esperanto?

For a long time, man tried to create a universal language that would serve all people in the world as a means of communication. Since the 700th century, more than XNUMX such languages have been created. They can be divided into two types. The first kind is not related to any of the existing languages. The second kind uses a mixture of existing languages. The most popular of the artificial languages is Esperanto. It was invented by Ludwik Zamenhof, who lived in the city of Bialystok, in Poland.

While still a young man, he saw that between the four nationalities living in Poland - Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews - there were great contradictions, enmity. Zamenhof felt that a common language would help people understand each other better. While still at school, he began work on his international language. In 1887, Zamenhof published a pamphlet describing the new language, under the pseudonym "Doctor Esperanto" (hopeful).

Soon people in different parts of the world became interested in this language, which was called "Esperanto". Today, Esperanto is spoken by many millions of people around the world. It is recognized by governments and international organizations. For example, you can send an international telegram in Esperanto. It is often used in radio broadcasts from official government stations. There are many grammar rules in this language, here are some of them. The definite article is "la", it does not change. All nouns end in "o", all adjectives end in "a", all adverbs end in "e", and the indefinite form of verbs ends in "i". The plural of nouns and adjectives is formed by adding "j".

Here is the beginning of the Lord's Prayer in Esperanto:Patro nia, kiu estas en la cielo, snkta estu via nomo, venu regeco via, esto volo via, kiel en la cielo, tiel ankau sur la tero".

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Stanen is a competitor of graphene 29.11.2013

A two-dimensional layer of tin (stanene) can show an even higher level of charge mobility, and these properties appear at room temperature. Details with reference to an article in Physical Review Letters are given by the Stanford National Accelerator Laboratory.

Scientists from Stanford University, together with colleagues from Germany (Max Planck Institute for Solid State Physical Chemistry) and China (Tsinghua University), performed Ab initio calculations. This is a special class of calculations in which the results are obtained by calculations (usually quite complex and cumbersome) directly from the principles of quantum mechanics.

Simulation of a two-dimensional layer of tin atoms made it possible to establish that the spin Hall effect should be observed in such a material and, in addition, flat tin should be a topological insulator. The combination of these properties makes stanen, as scientists called the theoretically predicted form of tin, a promising material for use in microelectronics.

Topological insulators are materials that conduct current only in a thin near-surface layer. This phenomenon is fundamentally different from the skin effect (alternating current flows mainly near the surface of the conductor) and can be observed in insulators. In the case of flat tin, physicists say that the current through the stanen film will only pass along its edges.

Stanen, according to the scientists who predicted it, can be used to create microelectronic devices. In particular, the high mobility of charges will reduce the power consumption of microcircuits, and the quantum spin Hall effect can be applied in spintronics: computing systems that operate not only with charge, but also with spin currents.

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